Hcl Technologies Write Up Essay Example For Students

Hcl Technologies Write Up Essay - HCL Technologies History While HCL Enterprise has a 30-year history, HCL Technologies is a moderately youthful organization shaped, 12 years prior, in 1998. During this period, HCL has fabricated remarkable qualities in IT applications (custom applications for industry arrangements and bundle usage), IT framework the board and business process re-appropriating, while at the same time keeping up and broadening its initiative in item building. HCL has additionally constructed space profundity through a smaller scale verticalization system in enterprises, for example, Financial Services, Hi-tech and Manufacturing, Retail, Media and Entertainment, Life Sciences, and Telecom. HCL has made the capacity to disseminate an incentive over the clients IT scene through its all around appropriated administrations portfolio, critical area qualities, and locally applicable geographic dispersion. HCL has the vastest assistance portfolio among Indian IT specialist organizations, with every one of its administrations having achieved minimum amount. Our five develop lines of business are R;D and Engineering, Custom Applications, Enterprise Applications, IT Infrastructure Management, and BPO Services. Also, HCL has as of late propelled its Enterprise Transformation Service contributions involving Business, Technology, Application and Data Transformation †the four expansive needs of any endeavor. Our capacity to synergistically coordinate these administration lines over the whole IT scene makes new zones for esteem creation. Moreover, HCL has made one of a kind help initiative in every one of these zones through best-of-breed extraordinary suggestions. HCL’s initiative in these administration zones has been perceived by a few driving free examiners. In 2005, HCL began scrutinizing the linearity of scale-driven plans of action embraced by specialist organizations (generally in the IT application business). The scrutinizing drove us to the conviction that the market was quickly moving toward a state of intonation, that is where the volume and worth proportionality would change, opening up new open doors for specialist co-ops who try to concentrate on esteem. With this acknowledgment, HCL set out on a transformational venture that centers around esteem centricity in client connections and on utilizing new market openings, while making a one of a kind worker experience. Subsequently HCL entered another period of development †changing it from a volume-driven specialist co-op to esteem driven undertaking that transforms innovation into upper hand for every one of its clients over the globe. Today HCL’s better approach for working together is being perceived by Harvard, IDC, Fortune, Forbes, Economist, Business Week and the preferences. Outline HCL Technologies is a main worldwide IT administrations organization, working with customers in the zones that affect and rethink the center of their organizations. Since its origin into the worldwide scene after its IPO in 1999, HCL centers around transformational redistributing, underlined by advancement and worth creation, and offers incorporated arrangement of administrations including programming drove IT arrangements, remote framework the board, designing and RD administrations and BPO. HCL use its broad worldwide seaward foundation and system of workplaces in 26 nations to give all encompassing, multi-administration conveyance in key industry verticals including Financial Services, Manufacturing, Consumer Services, Public Services and Healthcare. HCL invests wholeheartedly in its way of thinking of Employee First which enables our 58,129 transformers to make a genuine incentive for the clients. HCL Technologies, alongside its auxiliaries, had merged incomes of US$ 2. 6 billion (Rs. 12,048 crores), as on 31st March 2010 (on LTM premise). HCL is a $5 billion driving worldwide Technology and IT Enterprise that involves two organizations recorded in India HCL Technologies ; HCL Infosystems. Established in 1976, HCL is one of Indias unique IT carport new businesses, a pioneer of present day processing, and a worldwide transformational endeavor today. Its scope of contributions traverses Product Engineering, Custom Package Applications, BPO, IT Infrastructure Services, IT Hardware, Systems Integration, and dissemination of ICT items over a wide scope of centered industry verticals. .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .postImageUrl , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:hover , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:visited , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:active { border:0!important; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:active , .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uad3733efb4e0 8bade6f9069471f07121 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uad3733efb4e08bade6f9069471f07121:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Early 1900s EssayThe HCL group contains more than 62,000 experts of different nationalities, who work from 26 nations including more than 500 purposes of quality in India. HCL has worldwide organizations with a few driving Fortune 1000 firms, including driving IT and Technology firms. For more data, if you don't mind visitâ www. hcl. in. Customer Base and Revenues HCL Technologies is a main worldwide IT administrations organization, working with customers in the territories that affect and rethink the center of their organizations. Since its origin into the worldwide scene after its IPO in 1999, HCL centers around transformational re-appropriating, underlined by advancement and worth creation, and offers coordinated arrangement of administrations including programming drove IT arrangements, remote framework the board, building and RD administrations and BPO. HCL use its broad worldwide seaward framework and system of workplaces in 26 nations to give all encompassing, multi-administration conveyance in key industry verticals including Financial Services, Manufacturing, Consumer Services, Public Services and Healthcare. HCL invests heavily in its way of thinking of Employee First which enables our 58,129 transformers to make a genuine incentive for the clients. HCL Technologies, alongside its auxiliaries, had united incomes of US$ 2. 6 billion (Rs. 12,048 crores), as on 31st March 2010 (on LTM premise). Mergers Acquisition Summary| HCL Technologies Ltd has made 22 acquisitions while taking stakes in 7 organizations. HCL Technologies Ltd has 9 divestitures during this period. Year| Acquisitions| Stakes| Divestitures| 010| 0| 2009| 1| 0| 2008| 4| 0| 2007| 0| 2006| 0| 2005| 3| 0| 1| 2004| 4| 1| 3| 2003| 0| 1| 2002| 1| 0| 2001| 3| 2| 2000| 0| 1999| 0| 1998| 1| 0| 1997| 4| 0| 1| 1996| 1| 0| 1995| 0| 1994| 0| 1993| 0| 1| Total| 22| 7| 9| Contact Information Global HQ Corporate Office A-10/11, Sector 3 Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India Tel. : +91-120-253-5071 Fax: +91-120-253-0591 HCL Technologies Ltd 50-53, Greams Road Chennai 600 006 India Tel. : +91-44-2829-3298 Fax: +91-44-2829-4969 HCL Technologies Ltd 3, Udyog Vihar Phase I Gurgaon 122 016 Haryana, India Tel. : +91-124-243-9900-05 Fax: +91-124-243-9910 HCL Technologies Kolkata Center Module 212-214, SDF Building Block GP, Sector V, Salt Lake Kolkata 700 091, West Bengal, India Tel. : +91-33-2357-3024-25/2357-3620-21 Fax: +91-33-2357-3027 HCL Technologies Ltd Vertex Tech Park No. 564, Pattandur, Agrahara Road Off WhiteField Road, Behind ITPL Bengaluru 560 066 India HCL Technologies Ltd B-304, Delphi, third Floor Hiranandani Business Park Powai, Mumbai 400 096 Tel. : +91-22-4007-1400 Fax: +91-22-4005-0690 HCL Technologies Ltd A-1/CD, Sector 16 Noida 201 301 Uttar Pradesh, India Tel. : +91-120-251-6321 Fax: +91-120-251-6315 HCL Technologies Ltd Plot No. 12, Sector 125 Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh India Tel. : +91-120-661-4300 Fax: +91-120-661-4331 ***************************************************************************

Teen Credit Cards free essay sample

Don’t you think life would’ve been simpler in the event that you had a Mastercard when you were more youthful? A great many people wouldn’t think, however you more than likely would have had a superior future. Given a Visa and legitimate guidance, school destined youngsters would more than likely expertise to more readily get ready for obligation. It’s likely that finding out about charge cards at a previous age, perhaps 14 or 15, would help over the long haul. You don’t even truly need to have one, simply find out about the dangers and advantages. Possibly you’re down in your karma, stuck on the unending rollercoaster of charge card obligation. In any case, perhaps this wasn’t consistently inescapable. It’s likely that if your folks permitted you and showed you how to possess a charge card when you were more youthful, you would realize the proper behavior in an obligation circumstance. Numerous guardians should, â€Å"Consider beginning your adolescent off with a charge card attached to your record. Not exclusively will your teenager acquire your great FICO score, yet it will likewise permit you to perceive the amount they are spending. Consider having your high schooler just utilize the Mastercard for crises to begin with, and afterward empower possibly charging what can be covered off when the bill shows up. This ideally will check your adolescent from exploiting the Visa, as it is extremely simple to let charging escape control†(Tips for your). Yet, you most likely won’t really have to possess a Visa in the event that you don’t accept you’re prepared. Perhaps all you need is a comprehension. † What’s interesting is that it would be extraordinary if, when you get to school, you entirely knew about what charge cards are, the means by which they truly work, what they need you to do, what they don’t need you to do, and the honest job that they play in your future accounts. It’s one thing to build up a FICO Score, which everyone needs. It’s something else, notwithstanding, to rise up out of school with a terrible FICO Score, which most understudies do today. Since understudies don’t nderstand that when they get one of these Visas, on the off chance that they go over their credit limit, in the event that they are not on-time in taking care of their Visa tabs, that in reality that’s answered to the credit bureau†¦One of the least demanding approaches to build up credit, in all honesty, is the point at which you are more youthful, when you are 12, 13, 14, if your folks have great FICO s cores, if your folks are capable, if your folks just included you †around then †to the entirety of their cards as an approved client, they don’t need to give you a card, they don’t need to tell you that they did that, at that point their FICO scores would turn into your FICO scores. You would set up credit dependent on their history† (Orman). So guardians, that implies at early ages, an adolescents charge card is somewhat your obligation, and the high schooler needs to take in everything from you. Having a Visa isn’t pretty much cash and learning cash the board, despite the fact that that’s what it appears as. It’s likewise about instructing life exercises like obligation. â€Å"Many guardians decide to give their young person a Mastercard in light of the fact that it expands their awareness of other's expectations and in light of the fact that it assists with instructing them about dealing with cash. Giving Visas for youngsters is a protected and advantageous route for children to find out about Visas, planning, and general accounts. Learning appropriate cash the board is a major preferred position for a youngster and will be helpful in the future† (Garrett). Not exclusively does having a charge card give an awareness of other's expectations, yet in addition a limited quantity of obligation can have positive impacts in a teen’s confidence and self-see. Scientists have had two contending perspectives on how obligation may influence people’s self-idea, Dwyer said. Some have said obligation should have constructive outcomes since it assists individuals with putting resources into their future† (Grabmeier). So even with obligation, possessing a Visa is a remunerating experience. Despite the fact that giving more youthful teenagers a Visa to help them would be an extraordinary thought on paper, here and there it tends to be dangerous in light of the fact that youngsters likely won’t know it all, and might wind up in a difficult situation. State, for example, there is an adolescent that accepts they ought to get anything they desire, regardless of what it costs, similar to a $300 shirt, â€Å"That sort of conduct goes into school, where she’s now given a Visa, and she presently begins to revolutionary and she purchases everything and anything she needs on that charge card since she needs to resemble different children, she needs to feel like different children. The reality of the situation is you need to think past that†¦ think past this one sweater or this one, cool arrangement on eBay, or on Amazon, and that you’re setting aside cash. It’s not. Is it accurate to say that you are setting aside cash? † It’s, â€Å"Is this a need? Or on the other hand is this a need? † Because when you graduate school, when you are all alone, as life goes further on, you might be the one liable for the understudy credit obligation that you’ve made (Orman). Not exclusively is untrustw orthiness now and again a major issue with credit, yet there are likewise numerous different threats, for example, fraud. â€Å"Young individuals, 18-29 years old, are the main objective for personality criminals, as indicated by Quest, an interchanges organization that is attempting to bring issues to light of the issue (Schonberger). Data fraud can occur whenever, and wherever, and a few adolescents probably won't realize how to deal with it on the off chance that it ever occurs. Be that as it may, if a teenager is shown right on time by their folks that everything that they do will affect their future, and that the Visa isn’t only a bit of plastic that hands out free cash without any surprises, at that point youngsters would have an a lot littler possibility of driving themselves into obligation and might be progressively wary of their Mastercard wellbeing. The key†¦ is the contribution of guardians in showing youngsters how to utilize both credit and charge cardsâ€and in observing their childrens utilization of plastic. You dont give a kid an instrument and state, ‘Plunk around on this for some time a check whether you can figure out how to play,’ she said. ‘The demonstration of giving children a Visa or a charge card isnt going to give them great cash the board propensities. T here must educate and practicing’† (Levine). Guardians consistently assume a significant job in their teen’s training; why stop with school, when you can show something helpful. More youthful individuals ought to get charge cards or if nothing else training in them, since it would apply important life exercises and set them up for their future. Sending a teenager heedlessly into existence without assistance or direction most likely isn’t the best thought. On the off chance that you don’t think your high schooler is prepared for a Visa, avoid any and all risks and set them up with a made sure about Visa. Made sure about charge cards, where you or your kids (or both) store a specific sum into a record, and your youngsters can figure out how to oversee cash the manner in which most grown-ups do.

Essay --

Diabetes mellitus is an incessant metabolic sickness described by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) because of supreme (Type 1 diabetes) or relative (Type 2 diabetes) insufficiency of insulin hormone (World Health Organization, 1999). Diabetes influences pretty much every organ framework in the body because of metabolic issues brought about by hyperglycemia, particularly in undiscovered or uncontrolled people (World Health Organization, 1999). As of not long ago it was accepted that diabetes influenced essentially created nations, yet late research uncovers an expansion in the quantity of type 2 diabetes cases in creating nations (Chuang, 2002; Kinra, 2010; Narayanappa, 2011). Diabetes is related with complexities, for example, cardiovascular sicknesses, renal disappointment, loss of vision and neurological disability, which can prompt a ceaseless infection state and even passing (American Diabetes Association, 2004). The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that in excess of 350 million individuals worldwide have diabetes. Practically 80% of passings brought about by diabetes happen in nations with low salary. As per WHO, India is right now the nation generally influenced by this illness with in excess of 32 million diabetic patients (Mohan, 2005). Foundation Inadequate reaction to insulin in what causes diabetes. The pancreas, an adornment organ of the stomach related framework, is the organ that produces insulin (ref Human Biology Book). The pancreas has a double capacity since it includes as both an endocrine and an exocrine organ. The piece of the pancreas with endocrine capacity is sorted out in cell bunches called islets of Langerhans, which contains four fundamental cell types that can be characterized by their discharge: alpha cells emit glucagon, beta cells emit insulin, del... ...cose on different occasions every day and managing the different highs and lows (both physical and passionate) of existence with diabetes can have a significant effect. Ends To forestall diabetes related bleakness and mortality, there is a huge need of committed self-care practices in various spaces, including food decisions, physical movement, appropriate drugs admission and blood glucose observing from the patients. In spite of the fact that various segment, financial and social help components can be considered as positive givers in encouraging self-care exercises in diabetic patients, job of clinicians in advancing self-care is indispensable and must be underscored. Understanding the multi-faceted nature of the issue, a methodical, multi-pronged and an incorporated methodology is required for advancing self-care rehearses among diabetic patients to turn away any drawn out entanglements. Exposition - Diabetes mellitus is a ceaseless metabolic ailment described by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) because of total (Type 1 diabetes) or relative (Type 2 diabetes) inadequacy of insulin hormone (World Health Organization, 1999). Diabetes influences pretty much every organ framework in the body because of metabolic issues brought about by hyperglycemia, particularly in undiscovered or uncontrolled people (World Health Organization, 1999). As of not long ago it was accepted that diabetes influenced for the most part created nations, however late research uncovers an expansion in the quantity of type 2 diabetes cases in creating nations (Chuang, 2002; Kinra, 2010; Narayanappa, 2011). Diabetes is related with inconveniences, for example, cardiovascular maladies, renal disappointment, loss of vision and neurological hindrance, which can prompt a constant infection state and even passing (American Diabetes Association, 2004). The World Health Organization (WHO) gauges that in excess of 350 million individuals worldwide have diabetes. Practically 80% of passings brought about by diabetes happen in nations with low salary. As indicated by WHO, India is as of now the nation generally influenced by this ailment with in excess of 32 million diabetic patients (Mohan, 2005). Foundation Deficient reaction to insulin in what causes diabetes. The pancreas, an embellishment organ of the stomach related framework, is the organ that produces insulin (ref Human Biology Book). The pancreas has a double capacity since it includes as both an endocrine and an exocrine organ. The piece of the pancreas with endocrine capacity is composed in cell bunches called islets of Langerhans, which contains four primary cell types that can be characterized by their emission: alpha cells discharge glucagon, beta cells emit insulin, del... ...cose on different occasions every day and managing the different highs and lows (both physical and enthusiastic) of existence with diabetes can have a significant effect. Ends To forestall diabetes related dreariness and mortality, there is a gigantic need of devoted self-care practices in different spaces, including food decisions, physical action, appropriate meds admission and blood glucose observing from the patients. Despite the fact that various segment, financial and social help elements can be considered as positive benefactors in encouraging self-care exercises in diabetic patients, job of clinicians in advancing self-care is essential and must be stressed. Understanding the multi-faceted nature of the issue, an efficient, multi-pronged and an incorporated methodology is required for advancing self-care rehearses among diabetic patients to turn away any drawn out intricacies.

Violence free essay sample

The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison shows various measures of portrayal utilizing fgurative language and examples of experimental writing. The fght scene, for instance, utilizes an expressive use of symbolism alongside a plenitude of likeness. The passage itself depends on the feelings and first individual recounting the story. Inside this feeling, interior clash and character acknowledge are discovered both in the peruser and fundamental character. The fght scene doesn't just take advantage of Ellisons extraordinary utilization of igurative language, yet additionally effectively entices the peruser, representing the subject of the story, and characterizing the regular topic. Toward the beginning of the story, the fundamental character recognizes himself utilizing his youth experience and inward clash with the final expressions of his granddad. Sufficiently intriguing, he stay unidentified the rest of the passage; yet rather centers around one explicit part of his life his granddads heritage. We will compose a custom article test on Viciousness or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He makes a point to consolidate this and utilizations it as a shrouded message and each now and the remind perusers inside ll the mayhem, this is the genuine message to concentrate on. As observed, beginning with this sentence, All of the town (pg 17), Ellison makes a sensational move of the setting and quickly fives into the primary story of Sambos (the fundamental character) battles. As Ellison compose the story thought the principle characters eyes , we feel his feeling, hear the expressions of others, and experience his physical torment. The fundamental character is extremely present inside his considerations, cooperation with others and his with his body, in this manner, it very well may be said he is exceptionally alive and deliberate. As his utilization of metaphorical language utilizing graphic pictures and steady correlations of activity to genuine things, he makes this setting of mayhem and pitilessness. Additionally with the utilization of his broad detail and symbolism, Ellison effectively hinders the story plot making tension for the peruser. Without his depiction of the territories encompassing, the effect of the viciousness would not be felt. As we hear Sambos musings all through the story, we continually are helped to remember the discourse he is so edgy to share. We are compelled to think as perusers how crazy his man must be to experience this disturbance and still be so worried about the lack of importance of words. It appears to be an unthinkable assignment, in the wake of perceiving the separation and numbness of his crowd, to have them truly hear his message. In any case, Sambo conveys a wonderful discourse in which he is remunerated at long last; much like the numerous prizes that the dark men were guaranteed. In this compensation there is just disgrace and in spite of the fact that it represents an entry into the social tip top, he is just given this blessing subsequent to taking a chance with his life in shame. This normal topic of Reluctance after shame can likewise be associated with the viciousness. In a manner the fghts most unquestionably were an image to the non-literal battle going on with man. The genuine physical part of the fght is in contrast with the real condition. The controlling of the body and mind and tgnting tor ones purpose by relinquishing ones body snow the quality of this man. It shows what he ready to experience for his own advancement. The dark men are ludicrously more grounded in number and quality then the white men in the oom, but then they decide to fght against themselves. In this, the white men win since they have the dark men in dread of their capacity. This battle is perceived by the primary character who is undetectable to the individuals who Judge but then obvious to those equivalent individuals. He is just noticeable when he is should have been seen, and not when they need. The battle, anyway represents that he is obvious and that his quality is perceived despite the fact that its not the manner in which he needs. He himself imagined his quality with the intensity of his voice which is a billion times more grounded.

Services to At-Rick Youth Programme Research Proposal

Administrations to At-Rick Youth Program - Research Proposal Example Members are ages 7 to 17 and alluded to the program for four gatherings - fleeing, truancy, family struggle, or association in an offense.(What) (STAR Program Evaluation , Criminal Justice Policy Council, March 2003, Tony Fabelo, Executive Director). The STAR program is led, remembering the different effects on youthful personalities, particularly intended for the kids in the age bunch between 7 to 17. The pre-test is regulated when the kid shows any sort of the previously mentioned issues. The post-test is taken up after the culmination of the program. The timeframe between the pre-test and the post-test could shift between 2 months to a half year. (When) The methodology received is a meeting strategy, with both open-finished and shut finished inquiries. The way toward addressing will be with the end goal that the interviewee doesn't feel scared, yet is egged on to share data. The thought is to ask explicit territory related inquiries, to find precise direct solutions, rather than confounding and unclear ones. Studies could likewise be directed to quantify the viability of the program. The Likert scale is embraced to know the quantitative mapping of information.

MIT Mac4Change

MIT Mac4Change I wanted to give everyone an update on our  campaign to feed the homeless  that I started with my friends last month. On November 11, 2015, Veterans Day and the last day of our campaign, we set up at one of our MIT dormitories, Maseeh Hall, from 7 to 9, to fundraise and spread awareness. Our goal was to raise at least $100 but more importantly to spread our message and empower students like us to believe that they too can make a difference. Over 60 people donated and we raised a total of $275 in just two hours! That brought our total up $3,886. Special guests of the night included Kevin Lilly, founder of  Samaritan Steps, a nonprofit that provides youth, veterans, and communities as a whole with resources to become self-sufficient, Cody Chamberlain, community manager at TechHub Boston, a unique, recently opened, startup co-working space, and every single brother of Phi Kappa Sigma at MIT. Students stopped by, ate with us, and were surprised that we were just college students running this campaign. We started with no resources and little experience and in less then a month we got national sponsors, blogged about by HerCampus and Indiegogo, and even retweeted by celebrities. But, most importantly, we got our message out there. Other students began asking us how they too could do their own fundraiser for causes they felt passionate about. And we told them how step by step. Our campaign closed that midnight, but our mission is just beginning. #changinglives *All photo credit goes Nina L. 19.

A Look at the Recent Nast Symposium

Financial Professional Content The 2017 Treasury Management Training Symposium, the largest conference from NAST (the National Association of State Treasurers) is one of three conferences that occur each year where 529 plan stakeholders have an interest. As part of the conference, the CSPN (College Savings Plans Network) ï ¿ ½ an affiliate of NAST ï ¿ ½ gets together to discuss and move forward pressing issues affecting the 529 savings and prepaid market. The conference spends a lot of time reviewing all the hard work its members have put in for its constituents; what marketing campaigns were most effective and which were not, technology that has been implemented, and changes that were made. It's a knowledge share, with industry proponents demonstrating best practices for plan oversight and plan construction, marketing, glidepath construction, and much more. But the action items ï ¿ ½ those events where collaborators work directly towards improving the 529 marketplace ï ¿ ½ happen on the day before the official opening of the conference, when all the CSPN subcommittees get together in person. Let's (finally) make a national awareness campaign into a reality In 2016 the annual Edward Jones survey of over 1,000 U.S. adults showed that 72% of Americans didn't know what a 529 plan was, which was actually down over the preceding year. Similar surveys have born this out time and again: People don't know what 529 plans are. It's a terrible name, it's intimidating, hard to remember, and equally difficult to explain. Which is why since at least 2001 when I first entered the 529 marketplace (and probably even before then) there has been the desire to have a national marketing messaging campaign like the Got Milk? campaign originally created by Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board in 1993. That board was created by a group of California dairy processors kind of like 529 plan providers and the CSPN. The dairy farmers of California, however, never had to deal with mountains of disclosure requirements and a vast group of financial services providers that are as much competitors as they are peers. Still, the 529 industry is highly collaborative, and it's fair to say that some form of national advertising campaign is both desired by 529 stakeholders and would further benefit the plans. So it was welcome news that not only is a national campaign in the works ï ¿ ½ with a target audience scoped, desired outcomes better defined, etc. ï ¿ ½ but more importantly that a budget has been approved by the CSPN Executive Board. It's not much, but enough to get the ball rolling to issue an RFP to solicit bids from firms that would create and distribute the campaign and get things started. I look forward to turning on my radio and hearing a simple, straightforward message explaining what a 529 is to potential college savers. Let's push forward 529-positive legislation & policies If you're thinking, "Doesn't NAST and CSPN always do this?" then you are correct. But there are a couple big items that came up during the course of the committee meetings prior to the official conference open. Namely: The H.R. 529 Bill announced earlier this year is not forgotten, but it's future is uncertain given the currently tumultuous political climate. Initial responses from legislators have been positive to all of its proposed updates, particularly additional versatility between ABLE accounts, removal of the twice-per-year restriction on reallocations, and allowing withdrawals to be used to pay for student loans without incurring the additional 10% penalty. Even if the legislation did not push through in the near future, it's likely we'll see these changes at some point. There is support for the removal of 529 plan assets from consideration in the federal financial aid formula. Despite how little they count against need-based aid today, it is still a pain point for many college savers, who see even that 5.64% cap on assets impacting the EFC as a reason to forego the savings vehicles. It adds unnecessary confusion for what little it counts towards the formula today. Removing it from consideration entirely will greatly simplify messaging to college savers from plan proponents, and directly augment savings. Financial Professional Content The 2017 Treasury Management Training Symposium, the largest conference from NAST (the National Association of State Treasurers) is one of three conferences that occur each year where 529 plan stakeholders have an interest. As part of the conference, the CSPN (College Savings Plans Network) ï ¿ ½ an affiliate of NAST ï ¿ ½ gets together to discuss and move forward pressing issues affecting the 529 savings and prepaid market. The conference spends a lot of time reviewing all the hard work its members have put in for its constituents; what marketing campaigns were most effective and which were not, technology that has been implemented, and changes that were made. It's a knowledge share, with industry proponents demonstrating best practices for plan oversight and plan construction, marketing, glidepath construction, and much more. But the action items ï ¿ ½ those events where collaborators work directly towards improving the 529 marketplace ï ¿ ½ happen on the day before the official opening of the conference, when all the CSPN subcommittees get together in person. Let's (finally) make a national awareness campaign into a reality In 2016 the annual Edward Jones survey of over 1,000 U.S. adults showed that 72% of Americans didn't know what a 529 plan was, which was actually down over the preceding year. Similar surveys have born this out time and again: People don't know what 529 plans are. It's a terrible name, it's intimidating, hard to remember, and equally difficult to explain. Which is why since at least 2001 when I first entered the 529 marketplace (and probably even before then) there has been the desire to have a national marketing messaging campaign like the Got Milk? campaign originally created by Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board in 1993. That board was created by a group of California dairy processors kind of like 529 plan providers and the CSPN. The dairy farmers of California, however, never had to deal with mountains of disclosure requirements and a vast group of financial services providers that are as much competitors as they are peers. Still, the 529 industry is highly collaborative, and it's fair to say that some form of national advertising campaign is both desired by 529 stakeholders and would further benefit the plans. So it was welcome news that not only is a national campaign in the works ï ¿ ½ with a target audience scoped, desired outcomes better defined, etc. ï ¿ ½ but more importantly that a budget has been approved by the CSPN Executive Board. It's not much, but enough to get the ball rolling to issue an RFP to solicit bids from firms that would create and distribute the campaign and get things started. I look forward to turning on my radio and hearing a simple, straightforward message explaining what a 529 is to potential college savers. Let's push forward 529-positive legislation & policies If you're thinking, "Doesn't NAST and CSPN always do this?" then you are correct. But there are a couple big items that came up during the course of the committee meetings prior to the official conference open. Namely: The H.R. 529 Bill announced earlier this year is not forgotten, but it's future is uncertain given the currently tumultuous political climate. Initial responses from legislators have been positive to all of its proposed updates, particularly additional versatility between ABLE accounts, removal of the twice-per-year restriction on reallocations, and allowing withdrawals to be used to pay for student loans without incurring the additional 10% penalty. Even if the legislation did not push through in the near future, it's likely we'll see these changes at some point. There is support for the removal of 529 plan assets from consideration in the federal financial aid formula. Despite how little they count against need-based aid today, it is still a pain point for many college savers, who see even that 5.64% cap on assets impacting the EFC as a reason to forego the savings vehicles. It adds unnecessary confusion for what little it counts towards the formula today. Removing it from consideration entirely will greatly simplify messaging to college savers from plan proponents, and directly augment savings.

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig - 1485 Words

The Deepwater Horizon oil rig (April 20th 2010) situated near the Mississippi river delta in the Gulf of Mexico exploded sending over a period of 87 days 210 million U.S. gallons of crude oil onto the ocean’s surface as well as the coastlines of the Gulf states Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and Alabama. The magnitude of this oil spill was so awesome it could be seen from space and unfortunately took the lives of 11 people. British Petroleum (BP) has been found under numerous sets of circumstances responsible for this disaster and the clean up although largely contained still continues to this day. Quantifying the B.P. Oil spill legally has posed some of the most challenging issues to court administration. The very magnitude of†¦show more content†¦Do we have the legal framework necessary to combat this unforeseen quagmire? It is impossible to predict the legal ramifications of this disaster in total. However this process will be governed by an identifiable p atchwork of laws and regulations. Understanding the function, development and enforcement of these laws and regulations is essential to answering these questions. At the core of oil spill liability three principles have been firmly established by The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) 1. OPA 90 is the American statute governing liability for oil spills; it’s worth noting that The Oil Pollution Act was established in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 1. Strict liability Strict liability with respect to OPA 90 lightens the burdens normally shouldered by plaintiffs in a court preceding. It does this by assigning strict liability to the party responsible for the spill; their negligence does not have to be established by the court to assign liability. This concept makes the process much simpler. 2. Channeling of liability OPA 90 also uses â€Å"channeling† to define exactly who the responsible party is. By using this method we clearly define only a single responsible party. With respect to Deepwater Horizon, the holder of the drilling permit is BP therefore they are the responsible party. Again this makes for a much simpler process where it is not necessary for the courts to determine which party caused the spill. Liability limits The most

The Effects Of Binge Drinking On Teens - 1519 Words

For my research project I decided to look at binge drinking in teens. Binge drinking interested me because so many teenagers drink alcohol when they go out and don’t know what consequences it has on the body. Binge drinking is the consumption of an unreasonable amount of alcohol in a short period of time. I have chosen to research ‘What are the psychological and physiological effects of binge drinking in teens?’. I chose this question because I wanted to inform myself and other teens on the effects of binge drinking. The research methods used throughout my research were internet articles and a survey. After researching ‘what is binge drinking’ I found that it is the consumption of a large amount of alcohol on a single occasion or drinking at a constant rate over a number of days or even weeks. Binge drinking is risky business. The powerful liquid known as alcohol has major effects on a person. Alcohol has the ability to wreck a person’s life and change it permanently. Alcohol impairs judgement making it easy for someone to do or say something that he or she will regret. For a male to binge drink he has to drink 5 or more standard drinks in a 2 hour period. For a female it is only 4 or more standard drinks in a 2 hour period. This could vary of the weight and age of the person. When conducting my survey I asked the participants how many drinks they believe classified as binge drinking. Figure 1 showing some of the results for survey about home many drinks they believedShow MoreRelated18 vs. 21: Drinking Age1389 Words   |  6 Pageswant to change the drinking age from 21 to 18, when there are other activities that have limit of age such as marriage at 18, driving at 16 and 35 to be a president? Alcohol plays a major role in today society, which becomes a controversial issue among teens. Alcohol is a mind-altering chemical that is potentially more dangerous than any other drug and can be very destructive. For past few years, many people are trying to lower the drinking age without knowing the negative effects of alcohol and howRead MoreResearch Paper Drinking Age1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age refers to the youngest age at which a person is legally allowed to buy and consumes alcoholic beverages. The drinking age varies from country to country. Here in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. There has been much debate on wh ether the drinking age in the United States should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen. People in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one believe that there will be less alcohol related injuries and deaths fromRead MoreTeens and Alcohol Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesTeens and Alcohol Everyday teenagers are faced with many decisions. One of the most important of these is whether or not to join in with the trend of teenage drinking. The decision teenagers make can be crucial to their future well being and success in life. Teenage drinking has many causes, namely peer pressure, the attitudes of society, parental influence, and addiction. Changes need to be made in each of these areas for teenagers to be protected from alcohol related problems. Peer pressureRead MoreThe Dangers Of Adolescent Binge Drinking1279 Words   |  6 Pages This has been one of the principles calculated in high school binge drinking. There is frequently a necessity to contend with one another. When living in a fraternity or sorority house, on campus, there is consistent partying. In an exertion to contend with the more seasoned person, the youthful youngster needs to substantiate themselves deserving of being with the more seasoned swarm by strategic alcoholism, contending in drinking amusement. Some different variables have been ecological and theRead More Teenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later1613 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage Drinking and Its Effects on the Development of Alcoholism Later Teenage drinking is something that goes on every day. No matter how many videos you show to kids about drinking they will still drink. Surveys show that the average teen seventeen and up spends $475.00 a year on liquor, mostly beer; thats more than books, soda, coffee, juice and milk combined. Most parents dont know about teenage drinking unless they catch their kids doing it. Parents usually say oh, my my kid would neverRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 Pagessuggests that binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the drin king age will not stop binge drinking and theRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On College Campuses846 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"According to the CDC, about 90% of all teen alcohol consumption occurs in the form of Binge Drinking, which experts say peaks at the age of nineteen.† (qtd by Listfield). Binge Drinking is the consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. The author, Emily Listfield, defines that the standard alcohol consumption over a two hour period is considered to be four beers for women and five beers for men. This has become a great distraction for college students nationwide and aRead MoreEssay about Unbderage Drinking934 Words   |  4 Pages Is Underage Drinking a Big Issue in the United States? Teenagers rarely think before they do many things. Many times teenagers go to big blowouts or little get together with their friends. Their first thought is not about death, their grades, or alcoholism; their main purpose is to get drunk fast and sober up before going home by their set curfews. Each year most teen deaths have been caused from underage drinking in the United States, which is a big topic that the government is trying to preventRead MoreEssay about Keeping the Drinking Age at 211662 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to the subject of drinking and teenagers, what is the first thing that comes to mind? To me its the legal age limit of when teens should be able to drink. Having it lowered is controversial because according to prior experiences, data shows that younger age drinking is well known for its fatalities. According to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), on one of the most popular prom nights in 1999, as many as 62 percent of the traffic deaths were alcohol -related (). The most importantRead MoreThe Drinking Age Of The United States Should Be Lowered929 Words   |  4 PagesAn argument that many tend to dispute today, whether the drinking age of the United States should be lowered from 21 to 18. The drinking age for people to drink alcoholic beverages was made into law by the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. This ant enforced all states to raise their legal drinking age to 21. To get this law pass, the congress tried to strongarm the states, if the states did not comply, the government would take away their highway funds. Both arguments for it to be lowered and to

The Face of Death Explication of a Passage in “Dulce Et...

My friend, you would not tell with such high zest / To children ardent for some desperate glory, / The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est / Pro patria mori (Owen, lines 25-28). This segment of Owen’s poem depicts one of his comrades being poisoned by tear gas; this is clearly not a pleasant sight and is not wished upon anyone. This is of particular interest to me because it depicts the morbid horror of war. I believe the poem does a fine job of communicating the horrors of war much better than other modes of literature may be able to. It also challenges a lot of the idealistic feelings people have towards those who have made the ultimate sacrifice. The stanza comes at the end of the poem after the men labored hard and rucked through†¦show more content†¦The tone of the poem is morbid and solemn. This creates the mood that making the ultimate sacrifice is nothing glorious. This may be incredibly apparent to us today, but in Owen’s time, people thought of war as a glorious battle of good triumphing over evil. However, the tone created by Owen asking the reader to consider if he would tell his children of the glories of war tells us otherwise. The words that Owen uses contribute to the tone. By using â€Å"ardent† and â€Å"desperate,† we can see though the tone that it is a lie that giving the ultimate sacrifice is something that should be avoided at all costs. By referencing â€Å"children,† Owen makes the reader look at the fact that many people going off to war were as young as 15 years old and had not grown up. Owen is attempting to uncover the tragedy of the loss of life by young children in the war. Had Owen written the poem in a different tone, readers might believe that dying for one’s country is a noble cause. However, the tone darkens towards the end and confirms that Owen is trying to teach us that war is evil and one should not aspire to die defending his country. The horrors of World War One cannot be denied; it was a gory war with hundreds of thousands of deaths. What Owen is trying to convey is that many people are under the false impression that war is glorious; however, that is simply not the case. Owen is attempting to warn people that are at risk of buying into the nationalistic ideals of wanting to fight for

Chemical Weapons are Dangerous - 805 Words

Since The First world War up to now, toxic gases died thousands of people. How many people have been suffering from toxic gases? How many people have permanent diseases because of toxic gases? Toxic gases have been using as chemical weapons to attack people. Chemical weapons had been using in The First World War and they had been using in Iraq against Iran and Kurdistan. Also, chemical weapons have been using in Syria. Chemical weapons killed and injured thousands of people. Therefore, chemical weapons can destroy our life, cause many permanent diseases and attack our world. Chemical weapons are toxic gases, which use in the wars such as World War 1. Chemical weapons used in First World War and they killed a lot of people even children. In addition, chemical weapons are unless color, so people can’t see them. Also, most of people who died through the First World War were civilians. Therefore, who were responsible about them? In addition, people who survived had dangerous and permanent diseases such as cancer, asthma †¦ etc. Even people’s genes effected by these toxic gases and they cause a lot of genetic problems that appeared in a second generation. Even soldiers who were pushed to this war. Then, they died or effected who were responsible about their families. In addition chemical weapons burned a lot of trees and they changed plant characteristics. Also, these gases can react with others to change air and weather characteristics. Therefore, chemical weapons effect on ourShow MoreRelatedBiological Weapons Of Mass Destruction Essay158 7 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Weapons of Mass Destruction One of the three serious weapons used for mass destruction is biological. Historically, biological weapons are the oldest form of WMD and have been in use since the Medieval Ages. During medieval times corpses were placed on catapults and launched into an enemy s water or food supply to poison is and cause deadly infections. As far as being used the United States, in 1763 when British officers planned to distribute blankets with smallpox (eku, 2017). In thisRead MoreThe Development and Effects of Chemical Weapons Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesand the item discussed today will be about Chemical Weapons. The chemical weapon is a device that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm to human beings. The following are some of the questions that will be answered in my paper. What was society like before the discovery of chemical weapons? How did natural resources limit or advance chemical weapons? How are chemical weapons affecting society today? Lastly, what impact will c hemical weapons have on the future of the world? InRead MoreChemical Warfare Persuasive Reasearch Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesthis essay is to deal with the fact that chemical warfare should be brought back to modern warfare strategies. As Warren Rudman said, â€Å"And they will tell you unequivocally that if we have a chemical or biological attack or a nuclear attack anywhere in this country, they are unprepared to deal with it today, and that is of high urgency.† Rudman’s words are true in what they say and that we should do everything to counter-act his statement. Biological weapons are a key to outstanding success in warRead MoreEssay on History of Chemistry: Chemical Weapons802 Words   |  4 PagesChemical weapons are deadly, in-humane, not safe, and overkill. They are consider WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction) and have been on the rise since the early 1900s. These weapons are past and present proof that chemistry can crossover into technology. And have a huge impact on society for decades. Chemical weapons originated in early World War I. They were simple grenades or mortars filled with common chemicals. These specialized grenades were popularized by the Germans and then were seen usedRead MoreEssay on Chemical And Biological Weapons1165 Words   |  5 Pages Chemical and Biological Weapons Chemical and biological weapons are the most dangerous threats that our soldiers face today. But just how much do most of us know about them? The American public had been bombarded by stories of how our government keeps secret weapons, does secret experiments, and the everlasting conspiracies. And many accept it all. Rather than simply trusting our government, (which is perhaps as foolish as believing several unsubstansiated theroies), I’ve compiled several simpleRead MoreEssay about Chemical Warfare1340 Words   |  6 Pagespeople contorted with a pain that comes from within. Chemical warfare has long been acknowledged as a devastating tactical weapon, but the origin of this impression is now being debated. While it is a common held belief that chemical warfare is a form of modern warfare and that the First World War is recognised for introducing this type of combat, recent archaeological finds show this may prove otherwise. According to accepted definitions of chemical warfare, newly discovered battle tactics used by humanity’sRead MoreIntroduction. In 1945, The United States Of America Utilized1655 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern technologies for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Since the bombing of Japan during World War I, the use of bombs as the main means of terrorism has been the corner-stone in anti-terrorism preparedness and response. However, the use of commercial jetliners in the September 11th attacks in the United States ushered in an era of counter-terrorism where conventional WMDs were not the only resources that could be utilized in an attack. The use of modern technology for weapons of mass destructionRead MoreChemical Weapons: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChemical Warfare is not the same as nuclear warfare, or the same as biological warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the deadly properties of chemical substances as weapons.Most weapons used in chemical warfare are considered to beâ€Å"weapons of mass destruction† or, WMDs, and are not considered to be conventional weapons. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to neutralize targets; it depends on the chemical properties of a chemical agent weaponized. Defoliants are an example.TheyRead MoreUsing Chemicals as Weapons in War Essay example999 Words   |  4 Pageswar since man has been on Earth. Over time, war tactics, weapon, armor, and even the soldier has changed. The main wea pon that has changed the battlefield has been the use of chemicals to stun, immobilize, or cause death. Chemical warfare isn’t a new form of fighting; it has been around since 400 B.C., but even a powerful and versatile weapon has its disadvantages. Nature always finds a way to fight in a battle too. The threat of a chemical attack haunts every country today. The extreme tension inRead MoreISIS Case Study1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe main concern in Europe (and indeed the USA) would be ISIS’ ability to mount a chemical weapon attack on their soils. Such an attack, whilst perhaps not a mass-casualty scenario, would rock the receiving country to its very core and promote ISIS to the forefront of CBRN terrorism. The ensuing panic would have a destabilising effect on the target population, and would cause economic turmoil if it targeted a central business district. Whilst this would certainly not be easy, with such a wealth of

Jessica in Ther Merchant of Venice Free Essays

Jessica in The Merchant of Venice In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare introduces his audience to the multi dimensional character of Jessica. Jessica is identified as the daughter of a Jewish Merchant but the audience learns she is much more than that. As the play moves along and Jessica marries a Christian man, Jessica’s identity as a Jewish woman is challenged. We will write a custom essay sample on Jessica in Ther Merchant of Venice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although a minor character in the play, she is important because she makes the audience question what it means to be Jewish and therefore what it means to be Christian. The differences between Judaism and Christianity in the play are shown through Jessica’s relationships with Shylock and Lorenzo. The father daughter relationship that Jessica and Shylock share shows the audience values of Judaism. The two have a very rocky relationship through out the play and although it appears that Jessica is no more than a rebellious teenager, their relationships and interactions show the foundations of a Jewish family. Shylock shows the rigid rules of the Jewish religion through how he treats Jessica at their home. What the audience knows about Jessica and Shylock’s history is that Shylock locks up Jessica in their house and she is not allowed out. Jessica then undoubtedly has resentment towards her father when she says â€Å"Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, / Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness† (2. 3. 1). It is clear to the audience that Shylock not only wants to lock up his daughter to the world he, also doesn’t want Jessica to experience Venetian society when he says â€Å"lock up the doors† so the sounds of music don’t drift in from the streets (2. 5. 5). It becomes very obvious that Jessica’s house is a strict, rule driven household that she does not appreciate or like. Jessica’s life under Shylock’s rules shows the rigidness of the Jewish religion that Jessica was brought up under. These instances, at the beginning of the play, show the audience what Jessica’s life as a Jew is like. It is not until we see Jessica’s transition into a Christian that we can see the differences between the two religions. Once Jessica runs away from home and marries Lorenzo, her life as a Jewish woman comes to an end. Through this transition of Jessica’s, we see outside opinions on Judaism and Christianity. When Jessica runs away from home to marry, a conversation is sparked between Lorenzo and his friend Gratiano. They have a conversation about why it is that Lorenzo loves Jessica. Lorenzo is trying to explain to Gratiano how Jessica does not fit the typical Jewish mold by saying â€Å"For she is wise, if I can judge of her/And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true/And true she is, as she hath proved herself†(2. 6. 53-55). From Lorenzo’s language when describing Jessica, it becomes clear that these Christians associate good traits such as fairness, intelligence, and truthfulness with being traits that most Jewish people do not possess. On the opposite end of the argument, the play has Shylock and his response to Jessica running away, getting married, and selling her mothers wedding ring. Shylock responds by saying â€Å"Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my? turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. (3. 1. 14). Shylock is upset that his daughter would waste away her precious materials for something as foolish as a monkey. It is in this moment in the play that the audience see’s the new carefree lifestyle Jessica is living as a Christian when she denounces her mother’s ring. Shylock, who loves material possessions, is appalled by his daughter’s carless actions. The audience sees through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian and from the conversations sparked in characters from this action how the two different religious groups see each other. After her transition, Jessica’s relationship with her new husband also sparks different assumptions about religion. After Jessica marries Lorenzo, her life is literally transformed from a Jew to a Christian overnight. Through her final actions of the play, the audience can see how different her two worlds are. Her life with Lorenzo is one full of carefree fun and no material possessions. While her life with her father was one full of rules and restrictions. Once Jessica enters into this relationship with Lorenzo, the notion of what it means to be a Christian and what it means to be a Jew is questioned. Jessica’s two different lives represent the different stereotypes of the two religions. The Jewish people in this play are portrayed through Jessica and Shylock as being an old worldview of life. Shylock’s house is very strict, rule abiding, and oriented in hard work. While on the other hand, Lorenzo represents the New Testament, Christian view of the world where people are much more about living carefree and denouncing material possessions. When Jessica marries Lorenzo and becomes a Christian through marriage she also brings up another question about religion and what makes a person a Jew. Jessica is a Jew by birth but converts to Christianity through marriage. This brings about the question of is it birth or decision that makes a person a certain religion. Lancelot first brings this about when he claims that Jessica is damned because she was born Jewish in that he is referring to the fact that there is nothing she can do to undo being Jewish. The audience also sees many lines where the image of blood is brought up. Shylock refers to his daughter as â€Å"my own flesh and blood† (3. 1. 32) and Jessica states, â€Å"I am a daughter to his blood† (2. 3. 18). This image of blood that Jessica and Shylock share bonds them together and parallels the idea that Judaism runs in the blood, therefore is determined at birth. Although Lancelot seems to believe that Judaism runs in the blood, Jessica believes that she can overturn this by marrying Lorenzo. She states, â€Å"I shall be saved by my husband/He hath made me a Christian† (3. 5. 3). To her, Judaism is out of her because her husband, Lancelot, made her into a Christian through marriage. Here we see two differences in what the characters of the play believe makes a person Jewish. Lancelot believes Jessica is Jewish by birth, and Jessica believes that marrying Lorenzo can make her into a Christian. The character Jessica is important in The Merchant of Venice because of the questions she brings up about religion. Her relationship with her father shows her life as a Jew while her marriage to Lorenzo shows her conversion into a Christian. These two worlds of Jessica play off of each other and through them the audience is able to see the differences between Judaism and Christianity. Through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian, the audience is able to see the large differences between the Jewish and Christian characters in The Merchant of Venice. Works Cited Evans, G. , ed. The Riverside Shakespeare. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. How to cite Jessica in Ther Merchant of Venice, Essay examples

Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications. Answer: Introduction The term IMC is the acronym for integrated marketing communication which is a contemporary approach towards bringing developments and up-gradations in the present communication plans. This approach will enable the business entity to develop a communication system which will allow the firm to develop better and strong bonds with the clients and all the other stakeholders (Belch et al., 2014). This business model has also been considered as liable and relevant for attaining the pre-determined goals and objectives of a marketing event, which has been executed by the business firm so as to communicate with the target consumers regarding the products and services. According to a detailed survey which has been executed by American Association of Advertising Agencies the term integrated marketing communication values the comprehensive tactics which will also be evaluating the tactical roles of the variety of communication standards within the business organization. IMC aids the entity with varied range of benefits and one of the biggest advantages is that the approach stands for a long duration in spreading brand awareness among the target market and this is done at a very minimum expense. As mentioned in the scenario I have been playing a role of IMC manager and the plan is required to be developed for bringing enhancement in the communication plan. Moreover, the further analysis has been executed analysis is made focused on the IMC plan of Fruitaholic which is a business entity and is involved in the business of serving natural fruit juices, freshly squeezed bottle juices, customized juices, smoothies, super-foods, seasonal fruit salads, and other fruit snacks. The further analysis has been presented over the IMC plan so as to facilitate the entity in communication and marketing activities. Company and products overview Be a fruitaholic! Come and grab a freshly squeezed bottle from Fruitaholic is the tag line of the above mentioned Business Corporation. Fruitaholic is the business firm which has been occupied with the business operations and offers an extensive variety of crushed juices, tweaked juices, smoothies, super-foods, regular natural product plates of mixed greens, and other organic product snacks (Blakeman, 2014). The juices and natural product bites add crisp tastes to the shopping knowledge. Furthermore, the entity is concerned about the wellbeing of the consumers. From around 50 squeezes and natural product tidbits that they offer, the consumers will dependably have the capacity to discover something that conveys the medical advantages they require. Besides, the entity strengthens nearby groups by sourcing every one of the provisions from neighborhood farms. Moreover, the business firm is pleased that each Fruitaholic bottle is naturally extracted from neighborhood foods grown from the ground. Marketing objectives are the milestones which are determined so as to enhance the quality and process of marketing operations. These are the milestones for the firm which is required to be attained for offering a high level of satisfaction to the end consumers. The process is mainly concerned with identification, predictions, and satisfying the consumers needs profitably (Schultz, Patti and Kitchen, 2013). The below mentioned are some of the marketing objectives which can be set by Fruitaholic: Providing hike to the sales graph by 25% as compared to the last year Attaining a market share of 30% for all the new products launched within 2 years of launch date Increase the positivity of the consumers feedbacks from 75% to 80% respectively Segmentation and Target audience The business entity in indulged in the operations and functionalities of serving freshly extracted natural fruit juices (Percy, 2014). The below presented is the segmentation which has been carried out for the Fruitaholic: Demographic: The business entity will be proven advantageous in this segment as the fruits juices will be consumed in each and every part of the region with the same flow and the sale wont have any negative effects or slowdowns (Thorson and Moore, 2013). Psychographic: This segment includes the traits, values, and lifestyles of consumers and as the audience is very much focused towards health and hence the fruit juices will be preferred more as compared to the other drinks. The target audience is the segments which have been considered as relevant by the business entity for focusing the marketing efforts so as to attain best outcomes and which in-turn will aid the business entity and also the consumers (Lusch and Vargo, 2014). As Fruitaholic has been operating the business in offering the fresh and naturally extracted juices, the main target for the entity can be the audience who are tilted towards health or are more conscious about the health. The sports person, the athletes can be considered as the key variables of the target audience. Communication objectives The below described are the communication objectives which are required to be accomplished by the business entity so as to communicate the required details of the products and also this will also establish the brand name in the market: Brand awareness: This objective will aid Fruitaholic in establishing the brand name in the minds if the consumers and also in the market place (Park and Ki, 2017). This objective is required to be developed prior to the sale as if the consumers is already aware about the product then the purchase will be quick. Favorable attitude: The next step is to stimulate the consumer and develop a favorable attitude towards purchasing the product. The entity should present the product in the market in such a manner so that the consumers develop a positive image about the same. Brand loyalty: Brand loyalty has been considered as the clients interest in the product and this can be enhanced by offering the consumers with the best quality within a reasonable price. Developing personal contacts (Parente and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, 2014), offering better and quick after sales services are some of the factors which will develop and aid the entity in attaining the brand loyalty. Creative advertising strategy The concept of cognitive strategy has been concerned with the objective of cognitive message strategy and also outlining an advertising which will stimulate the trust of the target audience. As the tag line of Fruitaholic is Be a fruitaholic! Come and grab a freshly squeezed bottle from Fruitaholic the business entity can convey the message of staying healthy by focusing the slogan in the advertising campaign (Carroll, 2015). Sometime there can be chances of misguidance done by some of the employees regarding the product details. Competitors can make a turn in the favorable attitude of the consumers and can influence them unethically to switch over the other brands. The same will also affect the brand loyalty as the less transparency will lose the level of trust among the brand. The below presented is the media plan of Fruitaholic in which the business corporation will implement varied media tactics and media vehicles which will aid the business entity in publicizing its communication objectives and creative strategy: Online Media: This has been considered as the most relevant tool or mechanism, in which the business entity makes use of online means and platforms for showcasing the products (Al Khattab, Asad and Zaidan, 2015). For instance, social media can be utilized as the platform by Fruitaholic for advertising and promoting the products. The entity can utilize the online channels adequately and which will be proven beneficial for the entity as it will divert the focus and attaining new consumers in the market. Effectiveness of the media plan The below presented are the effectiveness of the media plan A hike in the satisfaction level of the consumers will reflect the effectiveness of the IMC plan. Also an increase in the sales will be presented as the effectiveness of the plan Increased market share Conclusion In the limelight of the above analyzed summary it has been concluded that Fruitaholic has been planning for integrated marketing communication and the same should be adopted for developing and maintaining an effective communication system throughout the organizational structure. References Belch, G.E., Belch, M.A., Kerr, G.F. and Powell, I., 2014.Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R., 2014.Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Schultz, D., Patti, C.H. and Kitchen, P.J., 2013.The evolution of integrated marketing communications: The customer-driven marketplace. Routledge. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Thorson, E. and Moore, J. eds., 2013.Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press. Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L., 2014.The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. Park, H. and Ki, E.J., 2017. Current Trends in Advertising, Public Relations, Integrated Marketing Communication and Strategic Communication Education. Parente, D. and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K., 2014.Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. Carroll, C.E. ed., 2015.The handbook of communication and corporate reputation(Vol. 49). John Wiley Sons. Al Khattab, S.A., Asad, H. and Zaidan, G.M., 2015. E-Integrated Marketing Communication and Its Impact on Customers Attitudes.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,5(08), p.538.

Corporate Veil free essay sample

Introduction The main concept in the assignment is about corporate personality. First of all, we need to clarify the meaning and characteristics of company. In short, company means a body of persons combined for a common object. A company exist there must be a group of persons that more than 1 persons. In eyes of law, a company is a separate legal personality from its members. In Section 16(5) CA1965, it stated that a body corporate obligations and liabilities are its own, and not those of its participation; it can sue and be sued in its own name; the property is not the property of its participants; and company can enter into a contract. Whilst, we need to understand the types of Joe’s company belong to. In section 16(4), it stated that company divided into 4 types that are limited by shares, limited by guarantee, limited by guarantee and shares and the last one was unlimited companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Veil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Joe’s company belongs to company limited by shares, it means that member’s liability is limited to unpaid amount on the shares taken up by them, it stated in section 18(3) CA 1965. From the whole assignment, we need to identify whether corporate veil can be lifted in the particular situation. So, we need to obtain an understanding what is corporate veil. Corporate veil it can define as separates company from its members, or we can say that legal person (company) separate from its members. Since company is a separate entity with its members, the company has power to hold land, enjoys perpetual succession even the death of one of its member, the company will not dissolve. Next, we going to identify in what situation corporate veil will be lifted. Lifting the corporate veil it means that separation between company and its participants does not exist anymore. The court will lift the corporate veil when controllers behave some unethical behavior, or controllers concern about their interest much more than other parties’ interest. Corporate veil may be lifted either by the courts/case law or by statutory. Under case law it can be divided into 6 different categories, it shows as below: i. Fraud It means individual used the separate legal entity to do something forbidden from doing to avoid from legal obligation. ii. Agency It means authority or capacity of one person to create legal relations between a person occupying the position of principle and third parties. ii. Group of companies Group of companies means that corporate group structure; corporate veil is lifted to treat the parent company as liable for the acts of the subsidiary. iv. Single economic entities It means each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate rights and liabilities v. Tax evasion Company trying to reduce tax by inter tran sfer their assets between subsidiary vi. Tortious claims It means allows lawsuits by people who claim that they have been harmed by wrongful acts, including negligence by government agencies or their employees. Under statutory, i. Section 36 Company Act 1965 By this section where the number of members of a company falls to one and the sole remaining member knowingly carries on business for a period longer than six months, he will be personally liable for the debts incurred after the first six months. ii. Section 121(1) (2) Company Act 1965 By this section where an officer signs on behalf of the company, a cheque, promissory note etc, and the company’s name is not properly stated therein, he will be personally liable to the holder of that bill etc, if the company does not pay. ii. Section 67 Company Act 1965 A company cannot give financial assistance directly or indirectly to any person to purchase its own shares. iv. Section 169 Company Act 1965 Directors of a holding company are required to produce group accounts in which the assets, liabilities, profit and losses of the group as a whole are reflected. v. Section 140 Income Tax Act 1967 By this section the Director General of Inlan d Revenue may ignore any transaction or disposition which has the effect of avoiding or evading tax. vi. Section 365(2) Company Act 1965 If a dividend is paid when there are no profits available, every directors and manager of the company who willfully paid or permitted the payment of dividend is guilty of an offense. vii. Section 303(3) Company Act 1965 In the course of a winding up, it appears that an officer of a company who was party to the contracting of a debt had no reasonable expectation that the company would be able to pay the debt, the court may declare that the officer be liable for the payment of the whole or part of the debt. iii. Section 304(1) Company Act 1965 If in the course of a winding up it appears that the business of a company has been carried out on with the intent to defraud creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, the court, on the application of the liquidator, may declare that any persons who were knowing parties to the fraud are liable to make such contributions (if any) to the company’s assets as the court thinks proper.

How To Use The Sample Of Narrative Essay Topics

How To Use The Sample Of Narrative Essay TopicsMost of the modern essays that you write today are ready with samples of narrative essay topics. How can you make use of them?First, you should study a few sample texts in order to identify your focus for your text. In addition, you should find out what kind of theme, perspective, and style is being used by the writer of the sample. It is important that you should not copy the style or prose style of the writer of the text.Second, you should try to adjust the structure of your writing to fit into the format of the sample. If the sample is about the lives of first-generation immigrants, you could write a shorter piece about an immigrant-parents relationship. However, if the sample is about a revolution, you may need to work on developing your own style for that.Third, you should take into consideration the demands of the readers' attention. This means that you should not write your essay just as a poem. You have to think of your audience, their expectations, and their needs.Fourth, you should think of updating your writing for today's day's essay. This means that you should write a good first draft, follow it up with revisions, and submit it for publication. Remember that today's essay topics are very different from those of yesterday.Finally, you should review your samples of narrative essay topics every now and then. Make sure that you do not overuse or stretch them.Samples of narrative essay topics are simply a way to get you started in writing better essays. Once you master them, you will be able to create your own personal essay topics that will enable you to express what you really feel about the subject.

Leadership Influence on Market Performance of Companies

Antitrust practices Essay Example

Antitrust practices Essay Example Antitrust practices Essay Antitrust practices Essay Antimonopoly patterns are patterns carried on by concerns that end up destructing perfect competition in the market. Antitrust Torahs are Torahs prepared to seek and advance healthy market competition by forestalling anti-competitive patterns by companies. Some of the illegal patterns that constitute to antimonopoly behaviour include corporate amalgamations. monopolies and monetary value repair confederacies ( Bailey. 2010 ) . The Clayton Act of 1914 was passed by the U. S Congress. It was an antimonopoly jurisprudence that was amended to halt and forestall patterns that led to unhealthy competition in the market. The Clayton Act was amended in order to complement an earlier version of the antimonopoly jurisprudence referred to as the Sherman antimonopoly Act of 1980. This was a federal jurisprudence that sought to forestall patterns that were harmful to consumers such as trusts. monopolies and other unjust concern patterns ( California Association of REALTORS. 2005 ) . Google Company One of the recent houses to be investigated for antimonopoly behaviour is Google Company that leads the online seeking industry. Harmonizing to Weiss ( 2014 ) . the house late was being investigated by Competition Commission of India ( CCI ) for claims that it abused its laterality in the on-line hunt engine industry by chiefly advancing its ain services over those of its challengers. This ground is considered to make unhealthy competition in the concern as the hunt engine company dominates its challengers in what is considered about a monopolistic market. Antimonopoly behaviour brings about both monetary and non-pecuniary costs. Since it amendss healthy competition in the market. monopolies can ensue and this has inauspicious effects to the monetary values of trade goods. The merchandises end up going dearly-won and expensive for the clients and. hence. impacting the society negatively ( Bailey. 2010 ) . On the other manus. antimonopoly behaviour leads to the end product of merchand ises falling below the market competitory degree and this is chiefly witnessed in monopolistic markets. Then once more. the antimonopoly patterns can be dearly-won for any company that has engaged in them since if probes prove that the company is guilty of the said Acts of the Apostless so heavy punishments can be imposed on them. Furthermore. this can destroy the repute of any company and. hence. stoping up losing its clients ( Bailey. 2010 ) . Monopolies and Oligopolies Monopolies and oligopolies are non ever good for the society. Their presence in any market merely means they have all the power to command the monetary values of their merchandises and services. This is non favourable to the clients since monetary values can ever travel up any clip particularly when the demand for certain trade goods is high. One good illustration of an oligopoly is the Coca Cola and Pepsi Companies. These are the world’s largest drink companies and demand for their merchandises is neer diminishing. However. these two companies represent a market with few providers while the consumers are many. They have all the power to order their products’ monetary values and the consumers have no power whatsoever ( Hovenkamp. 2011 ) . On the other manus. some authorities monopolies can be considered good to the members of the society. Many authoritiess in the current universe control the production and supply of electricity and other signifiers of energy. This is ut ile because the authoritiess aim at supplying such services to the citizens at low-cost monetary values and across the states. It is the duty of the authorities to heighten substructure development in the state and. hence. running such sectors of the economic system can be good to consumers. Decision In decision. it is of import to indicate out that antimonopoly patterns are unwanted behaviours since they destroy healthy competition among concerns. However. the jurisprudence is rigorous on companies that engage in these patterns and heavy punishments can be imposed on them. Antimonopoly patterns include monetary value repair. corporate amalgamations and creative activity of monopolies ( Reeves. 2010 ) .

Country analysis ( Germany ) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country analysis ( Germany ) - Research Paper Example In particular, Germany majors on manufacturing and processing of products, ranging from vehicles, machineries and even chemicals that are highly valued globally. Trade Exports accounted for about 52 percent of its GDP. European Union (EU) integration has facilitated intra-European trade accounting for about 69 percent of German exports shipped to European countries. In addition, it accounts for an estimated value of 58.2 percent delivered to member states of the EU. The report highlights Germanys largest trading partners based on the amount of revenue generated and the percentage they account for in trading with Germany. The report gives details about Germany’s Outward investments in the form of Foreign Direct Investments with a primary focus laid on net inflows and outflows. The report tabulates the statistics from 2004 to 2013 and shows how both have influenced the growth of Germany’s economy. Germany has a very stable economy based on the evidences the report offers. The country has continually relied on its well-established industrial base to fast track their exports being part of the Euro economic zone. The country’s currency is moderately valued on the global scale. Germany’s economic environment is promising in the long-term international trading activities’ perspective. The merits attribute to its high scores in economic liberty, diverse economic strategies, and government transparency. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has encouraged Germany to reduce on fiscal stance that may rather render the instability of the

Food science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Food science - Essay Example The Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections (HPACI) reported that the highest incidence of food poisoning throughout the United Kingdom was highest back in 1997 with 105,596 cases. (Foodlink, 2008) With the help of Food Standards Agency in terms of ensuring the quality and safety of the available food products in the market (Society for General Microbiology, 2008b) combined with teaching the people with the importance of proper food management through health education, the number of individuals who has suffered from food poisoning was down to 78,734 as of 2005. (See Appendix I – Food Poisoning Statistics throughout UK on page 16) Food poisoning or foodborne illnesses are commonly caused by eating food that has been contaminated by micro-organisms like harmful bacteris such as Campylobacter, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum; toxins; pathogens like parasites or viruses and/or fungi causing mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins and patulin. (Society for General Microbiolgy, 2008a; Weinberg, 2008) In general, diseases that are directly related to the presence of fungus are common in plants and animals. By invading our food supply, humans can be prone to suffer from the harmful metabolites called mycotoxins – also known as â€Å"fungus poison† that are produced by fungus within a contaminated food as a strategic way of preventing other organisms from eating the food. For this study, a literature review will be conducted with regards to the impact of fungi on food poisoning will be thoroughly discussed. First, a general information with regards to the growth of fungi in foods will be generally explained. In the process of going through the discussion, the different types and sources of fungi specifically the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone

Complexity Measures in Design and Development

Complexity Measures in Design and Development Albert Einstein once said â€Å"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler†. These simple words coming out of a genius’s mind carry a lot of meaning and depth in them. The last two decades saw an exponential rise in different branches of engineering and sciences; and with these developments came in a crowd of very advanced yet very complicated technologies. Are these complexities intended? The answer is very simple NO; the very word advanced is almost always inherited by complexity. No one would want to design and manufacture something very complex, but the more advanced a technology is, the more complex it gets. Even the works done by the man who said those words are far too complex for a common man; and actually that is exactly what he meant. Everyone tries to make things as simple as possible, but no simpler than that, they just can’t and the simplest product design possible can become very complex in some regards. With increasing complexity, there is always a danger of system being destabilized, reduction in overall performance, higher cost, higher maintenance, etc. The way to keep control over complexity is to have measure of it, so that management and manufactures know what exactly to-do and how to change their operational strategy. In this dissertation I am presenting a detailed overview of complexity, it’s different meanings and interpretations in various industries and a host of measures that were developed to measure and evaluate complexity. There are also a few methods of minimizing complexity presented along with case studies illustrating the means in which these measures were applied to real-time manufacturing and designing processes. Complexity: â€Å"What is complexity?† could be one of the most complex questions tube answered. The very definition of complexity from dictionary would suggest the following: Æ’ËÅ" Consisting of interconnected or interwoven parts Æ’ËÅ" Composed of two or more units Æ’ËÅ" Offers great difficulty in understanding, solving, or explaining Æ’ËÅ" The interlacing of parts so as to make it nearly impossible to follow or grasp them separately Æ’ËÅ" Extreme complication and often disorder; complication and entanglement that make solution or understanding improbable The first two meanings are not too related to our present context so I will ignore them, but the rest suggest the exact meaning of what complexity is. As we can see, if I do not understand something properly or am not capable enough to understand it, ‘that’ thing is complex tome. Does this mean it is really complex? The answer again is very simple, NO and that is the very reason why complexity is so hard to define. Complexity of anything is dependent on many factors and one very important factor is human understanding. A subject complex to me could be a piece of cake for someone else and this very behaviour of complexity makes it very hard to measure and evaluate it. An important and interesting question that may arise in reader’s minds, â€Å"Does the very same meaning of complexity stand in industry standards too?† The answer could be both a YES and a NO. It does stand the same thing in some cases, but in rest, the definition of complexity is completely modified. A best example would be industries involved in computer sciences and engineering. There complexity of a code does not really mean it is hard to understand, it rather means that it takes a lot of time for computer to calculate and give the results. In most of the mechanical and electronic designs, complexity would mean systems with multiple interacting parts, the behaviour of which cannot be related with respect to individual parts. That is their collectivebehavior is completely different and /or unpredictable from their individual behaviour. Again this unpredictability can be related to just the static structure of these components or dynamic nature, thus the differentiation between static complexity and dynamic complexity. Now Avery good question to answer is â€Å"What exactly are these static and dynamic complexities?† Static Complexity: Given a particular system (could be any system like manufacturing plant with different manual and automated equipment or just a small network with multiple servers/ clients ), there is always some complexity involved with the static structure of these components, could be just their physical shapes/ sizes or their alignment with other objects or with environment. This complexity which is made up as a function of various parameters like physical shapes, structures, connectivity, variety and strengths of components is called static complexity. Dynamic complexity: Dynamic complexity is more related towards the behaviour of these components as a unit. As mentioned earlier, the pattern of behaviour for a group of components is almost always different than the pattern for individual components; this behaviour measured over a period of time is a major parameter in dynamic complexity. A very important form of complexity that is normally taken as constant or zero while evaluating static or dynamic complexities is complexity arising because of control; that is, given a particular system, there could be many ways in which it can controlled and each one of these methods can result in a different static / dynamic complexity measure, thus to really evaluate a system, we should also consider this parameter and measure a control complexity too. But for most practical purposes, it is assumed that there is only one way to control, thus ignoring control complexity. Measuring and evaluating dynamic complexity is highly dependent on the industry and its specific design, thus forming generic measures for dynamic complexity is not only complicated but also inapplicable invest majority of other designs. Thus research is more focused towards static complexity and its measures. Though there are papers which concentrate only on dynamic complexity, they are very much oriented towards a specific industry and its related fields. Does this mean that static complexity is similar for all industries and designs? No, but a particular measure calculated for static complexity could be easily expanded to other designs too, which is not the same for dynamic complexity. In this paper, I will give measurements of both static and dynamic complexities with respect to manufacturing environment. Before we go any further into measurement of complexity, it is a good idea to understand why and how complexity arises in systems? There is general belief that complexity arises due to many random factors. It could be true in some sense, but that only indicates a very bad design. For systems which are well designed, manufactured and maintained, randomness is not a major factor; it is rather the fact that the system cannot be easily described which causes more complexity. According to Axelrod and Cohen describe systems as comprising of agents and artifacts. The artefacts are just physical (or virtual) objects that comprise the system where as the agents who have attributes like location, memory, ability to interact with other agents, ability to manipulate and change functions, control these objects. The agents may not have to be people alone; they can be computer programs, groups, political entities etc. that may affect the system directly or indirectly. Another important and very interesting concept of complexity comes from Wolfram, in which he states that complexity in a system comes from randomness produced because of three sources. Æ’ËÅ" The first source is the environment and its intervention, either directly or indirectly, on the system. Æ’ËÅ" The second source is the initial conditions that the system was in, before being used. These initial conditions could be random thus adding more weight to the complexity. Æ’ËÅ" The third and most important one is the internal or intrinsic complexity of the system. That is the complexity of the system when there is no external influence or affect. With all these different views of complexity, we are now ready to go ahead and describe what complexity in design is? But before that, let us see what exactly design means. Design and Why is it done? In this section, let us see what exactly design means and as in every case, let us start with the exact dictionary definition of design. Æ’ËÅ" To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent Æ’ËÅ" To formulate a plan for; devise Æ’ËÅ" To plan out in systematic, usually graphic form Æ’ËÅ" To create or contrive for a particular purpose or effect Æ’ËÅ" To have as a goal or purpose; intend Æ’ËÅ" To create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner These, may be with little twists here and there, are the exact definitions of ‘Design’ that you see in dictionaries and they almost suggest what precisely designing means in industry standards. Basically designing involves â€Å"making things better and more useful to customers (or people)†. Almost every single thing that we use is (/was)designed at some point of time; things that we take for granted were once designed and engineered. Design is an integral part of us and our society and is united in almost everything and anything we do and we use. Designing anything starts with an idea, any idea good or bad. The main job of designers is to reform this idea so that it is understandable for the people who need to work on it and manufacture it, sort of able print. Whether it is a multibillion dollar dam or a small fashion hair pin, the process of creating them is all the same and involves almost the same basic general steps. Before we discuss these steps, it’s important for us to understand why designing is done on the first place? Designing is a very important and basic step in any product. To deliver product, there are many steps involved. There are scientists who invent new technologies, engineers who use these technologies to develop various components, manufactures that use these components in manufacturing different products and finally marketers who take the prime role behind delivering the product. But who is going to coordinate their efforts to produce a desirable and successful product, no one else but the designers. They are the people who understand what the customer want and deliver a mechanism to make it happen. Designing is not just what we read in magazines which depict it as mostly involved with fashion industry. No that is not at all the case it involves a lot of insight into the way customer thinks and wants his product. As I mentioned earlier, everything that we use was designed at some point of time. There are some very important things that every design is supposed to follow, a brief list of which is as follows: Æ’ËÅ" User requirements: The very first and most important aspect designer has to consider is user. In this world where the number of competitors for a product is more than the product itself, there are very few designs which are being accepted into user community. The main reason behind their success being complete satisfaction of customers. The very first step of any design process is to know â€Å"what exactly customers want?† Æ’ËÅ" Creativity: Next comes creativity. When the designer knows what the customer wants, he has to create something new; he just can’t give the same old stuff which just satisfies the needs. If I am buying a camera, being a picky customer I wouldn’t buy any camera that can take a snap of me, NO, I want so many other things which may be I will not even dream of using, but still I want them in my camera. That is how customers think and that is what exactly designers provide. Innovation has to be there in a product without which t here is no value to it.Designers explore all the different combinations in which a product can be designed and seek new methods in doing so. The stranger it is the better. Now that there are so many simulation tools and other devices that provide so much insight into the product even before it is made, this work is simplified a lot. Æ’ËÅ" Business process: the other very important consideration a designer has to go through is the business process both from company perspective and user perspective. The overall price of the product may depend on the design and considering this is a very important thing. The best examples are the products from Microsoft, take for example PowerPoint, though costing only 50-100 dollars, it’s overall revenue may be grater than some very big software companies whose products cost millions of dollars. Why? The design was so done that there are millions of satisfied customers to PowerPoint or excel who can afford it easily than to products that co st millions of dollars. Æ’ËÅ" Manufacturing overview: it is also very important for a designer tube thoroughly aware of what exactly his company is capable of and at what capacity. I can design a magnificent product in a technology that my company is not even aware of, there is no use to it. A designer should be completely knowledgeable in the manufacturing processes and principles of his company so that whatever he does is not counter tithe existing mechanism, but only increase its productivity by using it in a better way. Now that we considered the basic aspects of design, let us now look at the design process. Being a designer is not such a simple job, you will have to consider so many discrete and varied things, a small list of which was provided above. There is a lot of trial and error involved. Till you get the right one, there could be thousand rejected designs. Though most of the design process is done by designers, there is a lot of contribution from most of the other departments involved in getting that product out like manufacturing people, engineers, business analysts, managers etc. The following are the basic but general steps I mentioned earlier that any designer follows: Æ’ËÅ" Understanding and evaluating Requirements: The very first step involved in design process is to understand and evaluate the user requirements. This involves defining the objectives, setting deadlines, targets and parameters. The design team is involved right from the beginning to the end as they have to understand the business process both from the company’s point of view and the customer’s point of view. The idea being creating an ideal project which will satisfy both the business processes and optimize them. A very important question to answer at this level is why are we creating / modifying this product? Once this question is properly answered, the rest of the process becomes simpler and logical. Æ’ËÅ" Research: Research is one of the most important aspects of the whole process. This is an ever going process, especially in the case of longer project. Research typically includes a variety of areas like Technology, Economy, User Satisfaction, Competitor products, trends, risks etc. Every one among them will affect the product and its design. A simple example would be the conversion from analogy to digital. May bee decade or two ago, there were some systems which were still concentrating on analogy devices. Now they are hardly seen. When such drastic change is happening (a decade would not be drastic for us, but for large scale manufacturing plants to change their whole technology from analogy to digital would cost millions of dollars even though it is spread over multiple years), it would be highly beneficial to a company to be well informed beforehand rather than changing at the spur of moment. Research is more concentrated on the customer / user than anything else. Whatever user wants has to be done and it would be much more preferable to know the user choices beforehand doing our own research, rather than getting a dissatisfied comment from him. Æ’ËÅ" Planning: planning is another significant part of the whole process. As I mentioned earlier, it is always good for the designers to know the internal business processes of the company beforehand rather than knowing them later on and trying to modify the design. Planning takes care of this step. With participation from wide variety of areas all across the board, it becomes simpler for the designer to know and understand different views and angles about a manufacturing process so that the overall design is acceptable and enjoyable by everyone. Æ’ËÅ" Communication: In a business process, there are always instances when the customer thinks of something, the designer understand something else and the manufacturing guys create something completely different. Why does this happen? Lack of communication. Whose mistake is this? Nobody’s. It is very important for a designer and his team to keep inconstant touch with both the customers and the manufacturing guys at the same time. Designers are the only bridge between customers and manufacturers and they should be completely aware of the business process from both the sides. It is client’s responsibility that he conveys the proper requirements to the designers so that they care-convey them to their manufacturing guys, a small leak here and there can result in disaster. But does the client do this always? NO. So it becomes an additional burden on the designer to keep in constant touch with the customer and keep him posted of what is going on with the product, so that if there is some discrepancy, then the message is obtained instantly, same is the case with manufacturing people. Æ’ËÅ" Implementation: the last step is implementation, mostly done by the manufacturing people but involves a little contribution from design team too. First of all, they may have to monitor the whole process and may be even test it thoroughly. Being the only people with complete knowledge of client’s business requirements, they are also responsible for quality. This is how a generic design process goes, let me stress the word generic again. Depending on industry, this process may change here and there, but the changes would be nominal. Now let us consider the different contexts of complexity in different industries and their detailed analysis, the major difference between the following topic and the one presented earlier being that the following one is description of complexity from design perspective. Different Contexts of complexity in different industries: I already mentioned while explaining the definition of complexity that its basic meaning may change from industry to industry. In this section let me highlight some key industries and illustrate the meaning of complexity with respect to that particular industry. In the very same process let us also try to combine the design process into the contexts that we can start concentrating more on complexity in design more than complexity in general. Let us start with the software industry where the definition of complexity is very fundamental but very useful. Complexity in Design for Software industries: What exactly does complexity in software design mean? IEEE standard 729gives the following definition for complexity in software, â€Å"The degree of complication of a system or system component, determined by such factors as the number and intricacy of interfaces, the number and intricacy of conditional branches, the degree of nesting, the types of data structures, and other system characteristics. Though very extensive, this definition still doesn’t cover all the aspects ofcompelxity in software. There are many things to be considered while stating complexity in software a few of which are the operating system, programming language , database, interface being used etc. and etc. Now popular question could be, â€Å"Does all this matter, a complexity has tube related to the way you design an algorithm more than the way you program it?†. Actually it does. There is a popular notion of measuring complexity in software industry where in they compare a particular language (for example) with another one and decide what is more complex. Though theoretically perfect, practically this is totally wrong. How can one compare an algorithm written in Java to the same algorithm written in C, their applications and usages are completely different. Similarly you cannot compare a program using Oracle as its database to a program using Microsoft Access. Now can we measure complexity taking all these into consideration? Not really. For measurement purposes again everything falls back to algorithm level. Whatever be the programming basis you are using, underneath it there is only a single algorithm being used. Thus in this context measurmentof complexity has to be done with a lot of risk. Later in the dissertation Aim going to suggest some popular methods of complexity measurements used in software industry. In general, complexity in software comprises mainly of the following components (apart from the algorithm): Æ’ËÅ" Component Reuse (so called Object Oriented Programming): This is Avery important component of complexity measurement these days. Given a particular algorithm, if you can reuse a piece of code again and again, thus avoiding redundancy, the complexity would decrease by a lot. Hence this factor is a very important component of software complexity. Æ’ËÅ" Control Flow: This takes into consideration the whole control structure of the program. Æ’ËÅ" Data Structures: The number of data structures being used and their size (in bits and bytes) Æ’ËÅ" Size: the overall length of the code (also including the commented lines and documentation as even they are considered in compilation process) From the above description, we can conclude that software complexity depends a lot on the algorithm being used, but many other factors contribute a lot too. Thus a good designer would first of all consider the algorithm and once the algorithm is decided, he / she would spend more time looking into various other considerations, trying to decrease the length of code, number of hits to the database, number of requests from the server etc. Complexity in Manufacturing: Let me clarify what I mean by Manufacturing before I go any further, it includes almost every single sector of consumer product industry starting from auto industry to small electronic components. Why am I including them of all into a single concept? Because the way they function is almost similar with the difference in size. Thus in this section, I will try to distinguish them whenever necessary, but otherwise they are all the same. Majority of these industries involve many moving parts and each one of these parts are again designed and manufactured, either in the same company of in a different one. Thus there is complexity involved in designing each one of them, and then comes the complexity of assembling them into one single system, normally carried out by various automated and / or manual methods. Consider for example an auto industry. With thousands of components going into the assembly line, the whole process becomes highly complex; similar is a case with electronic devices wherein minute parts has to placed and soldered on a PCB with utmost precision. Normally complexity of a manufacturing process is dependent on many parameters, a brief list of which is as follows: Æ’ËÅ" Similarity in processing requirements: the complexity of manufacturing process is highly dependent on the processing requirements and their similarity. Any process would be much simpler when it has similar methods being used across various modules. Thus with variance in processing requirements, the complexity increases. Complexity also increases due to changing consumer demand, which directly affects the whole setup. Æ’ËÅ" Yield: Manufacturing yield is another important factor that determines the complexity. There is always a constant effort to increase the yield but without proper planning and automation, this could result in huge complexities. Æ’ËÅ" Miniaturization: With the latest trend of miniaturization, all the components are being made as small as possible thus increasing their overall complexity. We can easily say that a laptop or as a matter of fact a palm top is much more complex than a desktop. A similar trend is being observed in many of the electronic sectors and thus enhancing the complexity of design. Æ’ËÅ" Energy Efficiency: More applicable in automobile than anywhere else, this parameter is affecting the complexity a lot. With modern vehicles(hybrid electrical and gasoline based engines), the energy efficiency is being increased a lot, but along with it, the complexity is also increasing at a similar rate. Why do we need Complexity Measures? Till now I discussed the basic definitions and detailed meanings of complexity and design. Now let me consider on measurement of complexity. The very first question to be answered in this regard is, Why do we need complexity Measures for? The answer for this question cannot be given in all technical fashion; we need some philosophy for this. As can be seen from the trends in the past two decades, the population is rising at a huge rate and along with it the technology is improving at an exponential rate. We are living in the period where Moore’s law is still being maintained and the devices that we use daily are being made more and more sophisticated and user friendly. But what if someone wants to understand the concepts behind any of these devices, though the modern communication is fast and very knowledgeable, it is vast too. Most of the information provided is random, not relevant, redundant and sometime inaccurate. This provides more confusion than clarity. As Simon says in his paper Creativity, Innovation, and Quality, â€Å"Today, complexity is a word that is much in fashion. We have learned very well that many of the systems that we are trying to deal with in our contemporary science and engineering are very complex indeed. They are so complex that it is not obvious that the powerful tricks and procedures that served us for four centuries or more in the development of modern science and engineering will enable us to understand and deal with them. We are learning that we need a science of complex systems, and we are beginning to construct it†, it is becoming more and more painful for common men to understand or evaluate systems becaus e of their complexity. This complexity is increasing day by day rather than taking a downward step. Not only in manufacturing processes but also in other industries like software, electronics, even social, political, religious, medical, biological hectare also vastly affected. The only way out of this confusion is to do proper designing so as to minimize the complexity involved, (note the work minimize. It is impossible to eliminate complexity). Are these the only reasons of measuring complexity? No way. None of the industrialists would ever invest in research for complexity measures for the above mentioned reasons. There is a huge economic advantage by doing proper complexity measurement and then taking proper steps to minimize it. I will mention a small list of these benefits here, and then explain them in detail as we go on to subsequent sections. List of advantages for measuring, evaluating and finally minimizing complexity from financial point of view: Æ’ËÅ" The operational strategy could be improved a lot. Æ’ËÅ" Processing speed and thus information transfer is much faster and smoother. Æ’ËÅ" System performance is better. Æ’ËÅ" Increased autonomy. Æ’ËÅ" More customer satisfaction and thus higher profit. Æ’ËÅ" Easier to maintain, modify or redesign. Statistics involved in Complexity measurement: Before we can go ahead and derive some formulae for complexity measures, it is a good idea to brush up some basic concepts of information theory and other related statistical engineering subjects. So this section is dedicated for a brief overview of some of these important concepts. Ensemble: An ensemble X is a random variable x with a set of possible outcomes, Vex = {v1,v2,..vi, †¦ VI), having probabilities {p1,p2,†¦pi,..pie} with P(x=vi)=pi, pi >0 and Conditional Probability: Product rule: Sum rule: Bayes’ Theorem: Stationary Process: A random process where the various statistical qualities or properties do not vary with time is called a stationary random process. That is for a stationary process, the parameters like Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation etc. are constant across time.(Example White Noise) Erotic Process: Random process in which the time series produced are the same in statistical properties. That is a set of random processes are considered as time shifts of an original stationary process. Entropy: A very popular term in Information Theory, entropy means the lowest amount of bit rate needed for representing a particular symbol. The exact value of Entropy is . It is also called as uncertainty of x. With this definition of Entropy and following the probability rules defined earlier, joint and conditional entropies can be defined as follows: Joint Entropy: Conditional Entropy: This information should be sufficient for us to go ahead and derive our formulae; if anything is needed I will provide it at that instant. Different methods of Complexity Measures, their Evaluation and Analysis: As indicated above, different industries use the term ‘Complexity’ indifferent aspects, thus there are varied meanings and definitions of it. With so many differences involved in just defining complexity, we can imagine how difficult it would be to measure and find methods to reduce complexity for all these manufacturing units. Taking into consideration this vastness, normally research is done only in those fields where there is some sort of existing mathematical background, using which new complexity measures and evaluations can be done. Ones these are formed, then the same measures could be used for relating complexity of any related industry. A popular area where there is a lot of mathematical background existing is algorithmic complexity, mostly for software related industries but applied in general to a vast area of other industries too. For beginners, let me start with describing few methods in software industry and we shall proceed to manufacturing plants later on. Fan-In Fan-out complexity: One of the most basic complexity formulae to be derived is Fan-Infant-Out complexity formed by Sallie Henry and Dennis kauri. Let us define the following parameters, L = length of the code in lines Fanon = the number of functions that call a particular function Fan-out= how many functions are called by a given function is calledfanout. Then the complexity of the code by this method is given as Complexity = L* (Fanon*Fan-out)2 In overall essence what exactly this formula does is, it counts the number of data counts from a particular unit of code and number of data counts into that unit or into a data structure to measure the complexity. Not so useful in real time applications with millions of lines of code and very complex algorithms. Software Science: This method was started by Maurice H. Halstead. Again this is a very simple and quite useless sort of algorithm to calculate complexity of program code. The formula for complexity that Halstead proposed was as follows: N=n1logn1 + n2logn2 Where N is the implementation length of the code, n1 is the number of unique distinct operators appearing in the implementation, n2 is the number of unique distinct operands appearing in the implementation. Now he defines the program volume as V =N log(n1 + n2) Where log is logarithm to the base of 2. Then he suggests that more the volume of the program code, more complexity is. As I said the above two measures were quite useless for modern programs involving very complicated algorithms. McCabe’s Cyclamate Complexity: To measure the amount of decision logic that is loops like for loop, while loop etc. or breaks like if, case etc., for a simple software module, we can use McCabe’s Cyclamate Complexity. An example formula that