Miracles – Philosophy

Philosophy- â€Å"A belief in miracles leads to the concept of a god who favors some but not all his creation† The problem with miracles is that it cannot be properly defined which means there is no absolute meaning for a meaning, instead my philosophers have attempted to define miracles in their own way. In these definition they are usually for or against the existence of miracles, for example take two contrasting definitions Ward and Hume. Ward says miracles are events which god intervenes because he only knows the consequences of the action.On the other hand, Hume is a philosopher who is totally against the idea of miracles, he says miracles do not exist because they violate the laws of nature. Knowing this, god cannot intervene because he would violate the laws of nature, humans have faith in experience and trust the laws this would be lost if miracles were deemed true. Another philosopher would had a problem with miracles was a man called Wiles. He basically said, to say god carries out these miraculous events is to say god is guilty of obituary and partisan.Any event where the natural flow is violated for a certain people raises the issue of fairness and consistency. Wiles also said the two idea of having an all loving god and the existence of miracles are two incompatible ideas so its easier to believe that god is all loving and reject the idea of miracles. If this was in reverse and miracles existed and god could intervene then why didn't he intervene is horrific events such as Auschwitz or Hiroshima instead he saves one persons life, this seems unfair and a contradiction of an all loving god.As for biblical miracles Wiles said we must take them in a symbolic sense rather than a literal sense. A strength of Wiles it that allows educated believers to keep faith with god and uphold their faith in natural laws. Many people agreed with what Wiles was saying for example a man called Bultman agreed that the miracles explained in the bible are not there to take literal, he says we get the true message behind the miracle if we demythologize them.For example he turned water into wine to prevent the embarrassment of the hosts which shows his care and wisdom. To believe that god favors some more than others through the existence of miracles is wrong, who says its god that these events originates? We have no evidence to suggest this, just because we cannot find this would doesn't mean we have to point it to god. Holland was another philosopher who didn't believe in the concept of miracles, well the name miracle he thought that they were more of a coincidence.He used the analogy of the train, what is some one was stuck on the track and the train had stopped right in front of the person, some people may call this a miracle but when we know the full picture someone in the train may have accidentally pressed the emergency stop or the driver could have passed out. So the concept of the whole miracles thing may just be one big coincidence. L ooking at Holland’s view it would make god innocent of being arbitrary and partisan, this is because these events are just coincidences it has nothing to do with god.As mentioned earlier, Hume was a man who rejected the idea of miracles due to being a violation of the laws of nature. Hume believes strongly in experiences and what we gain from them, as for this situation, the laws are something we have learnt about and follow. So when something happens that goes against these we deem them coming from god because we cannot define or justify them. All in all, Hume says the alert of miracles comes from the ignorant and barbarous nations. Knowing this, God would also be innocent because it is not god who intervenes so its not him which favors some and not others.There are events that are unexplained so they must come from some where, lets say for arguments sake tat they come from god. Us as humans are not on his level therefore we cannot say or he is this or that, he may have a re ason and we would find out when we die. All the events that are unexplained may paint a bigger picture but humans are outside of god knowledge and experience so we cannot really judge god. Irenaous was a philosopher who looked at the problem of evil, he would say god is being cruel to be kind and making humans into the image of god, this because events like miracles change people.To develop these emotions naturally have more significance than being drilled in at birth by god. Overall, I conclude that God does not favor some people over others. My reasons for this is because we cannot define miracle we can only speculate on what we think, for this reason how can we act upon such uncertainty? Also we cannot judge god because we have no knowledge of him or what he has planned, only him and him only knows the repercussions of his actions.

Especially the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

French Revolution/ Napoleonic Era WHEN THE KING TOOK FLIGHT * National â€Å"Constituent† Assembly, the new assembly not only set to work drawing up France’s first constitution, but engineered a wholesale transformation of French political and social structures that went far beyond anything most of them had requested in their grievance lists. * During the  French Revolution, the  Legislative Assembly  was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792.It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the  National Constituent Assembly  and of the  National Convention. * The Legislative Assembly was driven by two opposing groups. The members of the first group were primarily moderate members of the bourgeoisie that favored a  constitutional monarchy, represented by the  Feuillants, who felt that the revolution had already achieved its goal. [1]  The second group was the democratic faction, for whom the  king  could no longer be trusted, represented by the  new  members of the  Jacobin club. 2]  This group claimed that more revolutionary measures were necessary. [ * the citizens of Varennes had been asked to elect their own municipal and regional governments and to participate directly in the day-to-day implementation of new laws * Louis XVI fleeing the very constitution he had sworn to defend * Appearance of soldiers in Varennes had led to enormous tensions. We know that this action was part of the general movement of troops intended to protect the king’s escape, a conspiracy in which Bouille was intimately involved. The king’s flight had dangerous conspiracies involving foreign soldiers and perhaps foreign armies * The night the king suddenly appeared in a small town in northeastern France is arguable one of the most dramatic and poignant moments in the entire French Revolution. * Local inhabitants=reshape their lives * Louis’ most perva sive impact on the train of events probably came less from what he did than from what did not do: from his very lack of leadership, his indecision and inconsistency WATERLOO: JUNE 18, 1815 The errors made by Napoleon and other French commanders during the Waterloo campaign were severe, indeed perhaps even decisive * His own destiny was almost more important to Napoleon than the thousands—and finally millions—of lives that were lost in the course of his pursuit of it * Hundred Days (stage four) FRENCH REVOLUTION APP * Directory, a body of five directors that held executive power in France

Agricultural Mechanizasion as a Solution to Food Insecurity in Africa Essay

Achieving food security in its totality continues to be a challenge for ever increasing population of Africa. A approaches are employed in developing countries but with less success due to a number of factors . this paper examines the causes of food insecurity in African. Scanning through researchers works ,it was noted that over seventy percent of the food insecure population in africa live in the rural areas. The paper therefore recommends that, if the ever increasing population of the african countries is to be fed, then mechanization of all agricultural operations should be embrace. In conclusion, efforts to words the development of the rural communities in Africa should be increased. Key words: agriculture, mechanization, food security, Africa, rural development. Introduction : Agriculture is the practices of cultivating the soil and raising livestock to produce plant and animals useful to humans and sometimes animals {S. N, Asogwu and O. A Asogwu,2007}, Agriculture is an important occupation in Nigeria with over 7o% of her population depending on it directly for livelihood. It provides the bulk of employment, income and food for the rapidly growing population as well as supplying raw materials for agro-based industries. World current agricultural production as an average growth rate of 1. 8% as compared to the 3% in the 1960s and therefore at a lesser pace than the demographic growth. The world bank has shown that in sub-saharan Africa (to which Nigeria belongs)the annual food increase needs to reach 4%, i. e. more than double the current figure in order to achieve food security. She suggested that this can be reached through a significant progress in plant and animal breeding that plays a key role in the development of the agricultural sector as well as a significant impact using appropriate farm mechanization {Pawlat et al , 2002}. Due to number of factors, which include rising population, increasing pressure on land resources, natural and man-made disasters such as drought, desertification, soil erosion and degradation (Raoult-Wack and Bricas, 001), the problem of sustainable agricultural production in Nigeria has assumed greater importance than ever before. Agricultural development involves three approaches namely bio-chemical, socio-economic, and engineering known as the trio of technologies (Mrema and Odigboh, 1993). The bio-chemical approach includes the development of improved animal and plant species, animal and plant nutrients (fertilizer and feed) and plant and animal protection (veterinary drugs, pesticides and herbicides). The socio-economic approach includes financial packages and management programmes (economic, business management, accounting, sociology, extension services, agricultural machines and equipment (be they human, animal or mechanically powered) for production and post harvest systems handling and storage systems and farm structures, erosion control measures, water resources development as well as irrigation and drainage structures, meteorological systems, and the technologies for optimally utilizing the above and their proper and economic use and management. Ani and Onwuala, 2002; Ampratwum et al, 2004; Onwuala and Pawa, 2004). Agricultural mechanization implies the use of various power sources and improved farm tools and equipment, with a view to reduce drudgery of the human beings and draught animals, enhance the cropping intensity, precision and timeliness of efficiency of utilization of various crop inputs and reduce the losses at different stages of crop production. The end objective of farm mechanization is to enhance the overall productivity and production with the lowest cost of production. The contribution of agricultural mechanization has been well recognized in enhancing the production together with irrigation, biological and chemical inputs of high yielding seed varieties, fertilizers, pesticides and mechanical energy. Different researchers have concluded that farm mechanization enhances the production and productivity of different crops due to timeliness of operation, better quality of operations and precision in the application of the inputs. According to NCAER (1980) survey covering 815 farming households in 85 villages, the increase was 72 percent in the case of sorghum, and 7 percent in the case of cotton as compared to traditional bullock farms. ITES, Madras (1975) found that the productivity increase on tractor owning and hiring farm ranged between 4. 1 and 54. 8 percent. The percent increase was comparatively low on custom hiring farms as compared to tractor-owning farms due to higher level of inputs and better control on timeliness of operations. These productivity increases, thus, were attributed to higher doses of fertilizer, irrigation and mechanization. Degree of mechanization is the ration of machine or technological work input to total work input (machine plus manual) into agricultural production. The importance of food security to any nation cannot be over emphasized. The issue of food security became prominent in the 1970s and had been given considerable attention since then. The World Food Programme Report in 1979 conceptualized food security, equating it with an â€Å"assurance of supplies and a balanced supply-demand situation of staple foods in the international market†. The report also emphasized that increasing food production in the developing countries is a panacea to food security. The concept of food security proposes that food is available, accessible and affordable, when and where needed in sufficient quantity and that this state of affair will continue and be sustained (Agboola, P. O. , 2002). It is a situation in which sufficient food us available at all times in the right quantity and quality, at affordable process. To accomplish this, we must have a production system that produces enough food in the short run, sustainable in the long run and does not place undue risks on agricultural producers and must respond rapidly to disruptions in the food supply due to disease epidemics, natural disasters, civil disturbances, environmental imbalances and other cause (Agboola P. O. 2002). With these objectives in mind, various efforts at the international, national and local levels had been put in place at one point in time or another to boost agricultural production to make food available to the teaming population and the ever-increasing world population. The world population. The world population explosion witnessed as at the end of 1999, further increased the fear of those concerned about world food security. During this period, the global population exceeded 6 billion. Leisinger, (2002), stated that never before in human history had the population of the earth been as great as it is today, and never before had it grown so rapidly within one century. He stated further that the doubling of world population over the past 40years had put enormous pressure on the natural systems that support all life on Earth. This pressure on natural resources also increased the burden of assuring food security for the entire world’s people international Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, 2001) stated in one of her reports, that about 73 millions people would be added to world’s population every year between 1995 and 2010 increasing it by 32 percent to reach 7. 5 billion. However, much of this population growth is expected to occur in the developing world. If this prediction is to go by, then the food security situation of the developing world needs constant assessment via empirical research. Joachim et depal (2004), wrote that these was a strong direct relationship between agricultural productivity, hunger and poverty. He stated further that three quarter of the world’s poor people lived in rural areas and made their living from agriculture. He therefore, concluded that the higher the proportion of the rural population that obtained its benefits from subsistence farming (without the benefit of pro poor technologies and access to markets) the higher the incidence of food insecurity. Challenges to Food Security in Africa The root cause of food insecurity in developing countries is the inability of people to gain access to food due to poverty. While the rest of the world has made significant progress towards poverty alleviation, Africa, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa, continues to lag behind. Projections show that there will be an increase in this tendency unless preventive measures are taken. Many factors have contributed to this tendency including the high prevalence of HIV/AID; civil war, strive and poor governance; frequent drought and famine; and agricultural dependency on the climate and environment. Food security on the continent has worsened since 1970 and the proportion of the malnourished population has remained within the 33 and 35 percent range in Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of malnutrition within the continent varies by region. It is lowest in Northern Africa (4 percent) and highest in Central Africa (40 percent) Over seventy percent of the food insecure population in Africa lives in the rural areas. Figure 1 shows the distribution of food insecurity in Africa. Ironically, smallholder farmers, the producers of over 90 percent of the continent’s food supply, make up the majority (50 percent) of this population. The rest of the food insecure population consists of the landless poor in rural areas (30 percent) and the urban poor. Throughout the developing world, agriculture accounts for around 9 percent of the GDP and more than half of total employment. In countries where more than 34 percent of the population is undernourished, agriculture represents 30 percent of GDP and nearly 70 percent of population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. This fact has in the past been used in support of the argument as to why developing countries should move away from agriculture and invest in technology. Because over 70 percent of the poor live in rural areas, where also the largest proportion of the food insecure live, it is evident that ;we cannot significantly and sustainably reduce food insecurity without transforming the living conditions in these areas. The key lies in increasing the agricultural profitability of smallholder farmers and creating rural off-farm employment opportunities. The objective of this paper is to h8ighlight the challenges to food security in Africa while providing alternative solutions to the problem that would not only allow for poverty alleviation but also wealth creation. While the focus of this paper is in alleviating food insecurity in the rural areas, effort has been made to address the plight of the urban poor.

Management Task Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Task Analysis - Research Paper Example Although all the industries need to remain alert all the time so that they can keep their customers satisfied and attracted to their products and services. In case of manufacturing businesses, the processes of operations are the most crucial areas of emphasis and the organizations have to make sure that the end product is produced in compliance with the set standards (Zacharatos et al., 2007). In case of automobile companies, the complete operation process is important and every step which starts from the raw material selection to the final product production is vital that needs adequate attention by the management staff (Stanton, 2005). In order to make sure that the cars are produced in the best possible manner, the complete production process needs to be given utmost consideration by the management team. To understand the types of production processes employed in various forms of automobile companies, three companies are being considered, i.e., Ferrari, Rolls-Royce and Toyota. Fer rari Ferrari is the leading name in case of the car racing companies; the company is well-known for the best range of cars that it manufactures for the racing events. In recent times, the company like other automobile companies has made sure that their operation system is flexible so that the engines can be modified according to the customers’ requirements. Crystal and Ellington (2004) stated that the automobile companies need to make sure that they implement those production processes that will help them in increasing their output processes. In case of Ferrari, the market comprises niche target market that values the performance of the engine along with the quality of the car and they are insensitive to its price. The company designs the products for the customers who want to participate in the racing events. For the customers of Ferrari, the most important factor is the smooth running of the cars and they will be paying any price for it. The management tasks for the company , as stated by Gray and Leonard (2009), can be divided as order selection, scheduling of the orders, batch size, inventory management and process improvement. The tasks will have to be carefully monitored by the management team to ensure that the end product has the best quality. The operation systems need to be flexible so that they can be modified according to the customers’ preferences. In the case of Ferrari, the operation process will be a continuous process and line process cannot be implemented as in most of the cases the end product will not be the same. In case of Ferrari, the most important management tasks comprise assessing the staff needs for capacity utilization, long-term planning and inventory requirements along with addressing long-term planning issues such as location issues (Mashilo, 2010) and technological advances that happen constantly (Embrey, 2002). Vertical integration with the suppliers becomes important and adequate inventory needs to be maintained so that the demands are adequately addressed; the labors need to be skilled in handling all the operative measures (Hertzum & Jacobsen, 2003; KPMG, 2005). Rolls-Royce Rolls-Royce is the leading name in the luxury car assembly plant and it is important for the management team to make sure that the operation procedures are properly designed. In order to make sure that

American and Soviet Policies towards Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Essay

American and Soviet Policies towards Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Cold War - Essay Example The Second World War ended in the European theater on May 8, 1945. And the Cold War began on that day. The cold war had many dimensions; one was ideological, another was political, a third one was economic, and to all these we may also add the rivalry between America and Russia as to who would ‘rule’ the world. With an uncanny political insight Alexis de Tocqueville had predicted as early as 1835 that â€Å"There are now two great nations in the world, which starting from different points, seem to be advancing toward the same goal: the Russians and the Anglo-Americans. . . Each seems called by some secret design of Providence one day to hold in its hands the destinies of half the world† . It would appear; therefore, that history has destined these two nations to be at each other until a final and decisive victory is achieved by one over the other. But that time has not yet arrived, even though the cold war was declared to have been ended on December 3, 1989 at the conclusion of the Malta summit between George Bush Sr. and Mikhail Gorbachev. The ‘political Vacuum’ With the withdrawal of the colonial powers, Britain and France, from the Middle East after WW II, there was a virtual political vacuum in the region. By 1948 Soviet Union had consolidated its hegemony over Eastern Europe. The ‘Truman doctrine’ put a rein to its further ‘expansion’ into Greece or Turkey. But along with consolidating its domination over the East European nations, Soviet Union was busy trying to build and expand its influence among the ‘Islamic’ nations to its south.

Summary for a two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summary for a two articles - Essay Example The article being reviewed by DeHoog emphasizes upon the core issues, values, market management strategies and policies related with the management of public service contracts (p.66). In this concise commentary DeHoog has mentioned the weaknesses and strengths of the authors’ points being presented in the article. He has thoroughly reviewed the issues being discussed by the authors and their approaches to discuss those issues. The critic appreciates certain elements of the article under observation (for example, the comprehensive connections between the theory and practice of contracting) and disapproves of others (for example, the neglecting of certain â€Å"nuances† of contracting). The author believes that the impact of political power in terms of contracting has been underplayed in this study; there is a political agenda at plat behind the upsurge of the contracting business that has not been touched in the article. The authors of that article are more inclined towards taking contracting as a managerial service, and so they tend to eliminate the strong role of evolving political situations in contracting. DeHoog claims that the authors have managed to put forth a clear structured guide for contracting practitioners and students, yet they have failed to emphasize that this employment is neither a clear cut business, nor an easy one. Moreover, he says that his view has been shaped by the stinging questions that emerge due to the severe opportunist culture and corruption of the whole affair even in places where competent workers are hired. He says that these authors have failed to point out the extent of political impact on discussion making; their values are economy, a pro-business philosophy and an election-coalition building value. While balancing stakeholders, unaware managers might not even understand the hold of these pressures on their services, and perhaps those who know would conveniently

Nursing mentors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing mentors - Essay Example Therefore, sign off-mentors must undertake preparation program to meet the requirements to determine whether students the competencies required by NMC during sign-off. The nursing and midwifery professions involve handling patients in delicate situations. Thus, it is essential to have professionals with competence and efficiency in handling patients through the required abilities and skills. During the practice, students are expected to gain competencies through the NMC programs or standards. The program ensures they deliver the required services effectively and competently in their nursing profession without the necessity of direct supervision. Nonetheless, it is the role of the sign off mentors to ensure that students ascribe to these competencies. Mentors are provided with necessary support and framework to ensure that they efficiently assess students in order to ascertain their knowledge and skills. The students often undertake NMC approved programs to ensure that they are regist ered as qualified professionals. These processes determine that only qualified and competent nurses whoa are fit for practices are introduced into the professional field. The main aim of these competence testing and practices are to ensure that the public is protected from unnecessary damage orchestrated by incompetent nurses without sufficient competencies for practice (Burton and Ormrod, 2011, p.78). The NMC has also given the mandate to sign-off mentors to ensure that students being released for professional practice are competently assessed. For competent assessment, mentors are required to be part of the inter-professional learning and working. This enables them to undertake an effective confirmation of the students’ achievement of proficiency The students on their last placement require the sign-off mentors for their accountability towards supporting and determining the pre-registration of the nursing students. It is because of this that the sign-off mentors are require d to achieve certain criteria and must demonstrate the competence. The role of the sign-off mentors is also complimented by that of the student mentors in the NMC program. This body is responsible for not only confirming but also helping the students gain a breadth of experience in the process of demonstrating competence as either midwife or a nurse. According to the NMC, there are certain progression points where a student may not undertake but only the most qualified students. Therefore, they need to assess and confirmed if students have undoubtedly achieved the expected outcomes or met the competency level of the previous program is quite vital in the practice. Effective implementation can only be achieved if the mentors keep adequate and relevant records that appropriately help as supporting documents for them to identify whether or not a student has obtained adequate competence or proficiency. The some records should help towards promoting the students to the next program. Reco rds for guidance and regular feedback must be adhered to in order to support and justify the decisions in determination of proficiency or competence (Burton and Ormrod, 2011, p.105). Signing-off mentors often assist in investigating the health of the nurses or the midwives during the pre-registration process. This ensures that the health of these health providers do not interfere with the health of patients to be served by the same people. Nonetheless, the process sometimes also includes determining the

JOB ANALYSIS MATERIALS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JOB ANALYSIS MATERIALS - Assignment Example Described product to customers and accurately explained details and care of merchandise. Customer-focused retail sales associate with a solid understanding of the dynamics of the retail industry. Results-driven Customer Services Representative with proven ability to establish rapport with clients. Greeting customers entering the store to describe our products. Explain and introduce the Youth Olympic Games to both Chinese and foreign customers. Help conduct weekly and monthly sales report and care of merchandise. Organized weekly sales reports for the sales department to track product success. Greeted customers entering the store to ascertain what each customer wanted or needed. Described product to customers and accurately explained details and care of merchandise Customer-focused retail sales associate with a solid understanding of the dynamics of the retail industry. Results-driven Customer Services Representative with proven ability to establish rapport with clients. Greeting customers entering the store to describe our products. Explain and introduce the Youth Olympic Games to both Chinese and foreign customers. Help conduct weekly and monthly sales report and care of merchandise. Organized weekly sales reports for the sales department to track product success. Greeted customers entering the store to ascertain what each customer wanted or needed. Described product to customers and accurately explained details and care of

Oder #315536 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oder #315536 - Essay Example Marital therapy is perhaps the best haven that people in distressed marital relationships can go to so as to help in the healing of their marriages. A skilled and experienced marital therapist provides support and assistance that can help doubtful detached partners to carefully deal with their problems and start the problem-solving and healing process (Parenting and Marital Advice 2009). Marriage is a continuous struggle to â€Å"relate intimately to another human being without being controlled or taken for granted† (Guerin, Fay, Burden & Kautto 1987, 3). It can be a good-humored effort that enhances both partners and cultivates their growth, or it can be a tedious effort, wherein one or both partners are persuaded that their emotional, as well as their physical, survival is threatened (Guerin et al. 1987). The objective of this study is to review and discuss concepts of marital relationship and therapy. First, the paper will discuss the notion of marital conflict and marital therapy. Then, two of the integral concepts in the conceptualization and treatment of relational and marital conflict, namely, loss and context/attachment history, will be discussed. Finally, the paper will discuss how marital therapists could integrate the concepts of attachment and separation anxiety in their treatment plans. Marital conflict has been defined as â€Å"situations in which partners experience communication and problem-solving difficulties, find it difficult to work together, and have difficulty accepting each other’s differences† (Mead 2002, 299). It has been discovered that troubled couples interchange lesser gratifying behaviors and more unsympathetic behaviors than do non-troubled couples, and this is valid for verbal communications and for the interchange of other types of reinforcements (Shaddock 2000). It has also been discovered that troubled partners are

Finance Markets and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance Markets and Risk - Essay Example The intention of this study is systemic risk that is ushered by unforeseen incidents that amplify uncertainty unimaginably and damage the liquidity of the market at a rapid phase. Illiquidity results in â€Å"prices gaps† in respective markets and in the pricing of a particular asset. The related pressure later extends to the liquidity of funding of financial institutions around the world that are assisting those independent markets. Illiquidity in markets sequentially can result in potentially momentous real economic impacts, thus warrant policy action, particularly by central banks. As per IMF (International Monetary Fund), BIS (Bank for International Settlements) and FSB (Financial Standard Board), systemic financial risk is one, which is associated with the peril of risk of disruption to financial services that (a) is happened by a destruction of whole or parts of the financial system and has the probable to have the worst negative outcome for real economy. During Septembe r 2008, AIG borrowed from the Federal Reserve System an $85 billion two-year loan that too at a penalty rate, which has been termed as ever known the rescue of one of the globe’s major insurers. In return for the rescue operation, Fed received a 79.9% of shares in the AIG. At the time, the investment banking arm of AIG witnessed a systemic risk emanating from its credit default swap (CDS) business. The failure of one firm may not impact its rivals as is happening in the most sectors of the economy nor does it result in market failures. However, in the financial sector, there is an impending peril that the breakdown of any major financial market or institution may result in the adverse impacts on the whole financial system more likely. In several associated channels, such systemic risk can be in operation, if there is a mishap in a specific financial institution. All the depositors of a bank will be in panic and will rush to get back their deposits when the depositors lose the ir trust, if a typical bank run occurs. The banking system of a nation as a whole may be in jeopardy if rumour spreads about the fate of the remaining banks of a nation. The bank runs vulnerability can be a reality typically as there will be a maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities. The banking system might have invested in long-term debts like loans to households and businesses, whereas they might have accepted deposits from their customer on the demand basis. Even a healthy bank may have chance to witness a bank run despite the fact that its assets would have more value than its liabilities, but a credit crunch may occur if there is premature withdrawal of deposits suddenly by bank customers. Thus, even a solvent bank can witness a liquidity crunch, despite the fact that the liquidity issues may mirror concerns about bank’s solvency. However, there are some risk-aversion strategies, which are in place like lender-of-last-resort facilities and deposit insuran ce, which make the possibility of bank run as a mirage. Short-term deposits are available from one bank to another bank through interbank transactions, and this occupies sizeable quantum of their business transactions. However, at times of liquidity crunch, associations between banks may witness jolts to proliferate through the system. For instance, Barclays bank has provided short-term credit to ANZ bank, then, concerns of default by ANZ bank might jeopardise to the stability of Barclays bank. Such similitude vulnerabilities are regarded to be one of the main causes why the alarm can spread between banks in such scenarios. In such situations, inter-banking lending will come to a halt due to

Comparative analysis of English letter writing Essay Example for Free

Comparative analysis of English letter writing Essay Research background   Business letter writing within an international context is of valuable significant in the business and career sector. An interest on business letter writing culture needs to be explored so as to understand various context of how different cultures within an international perspective write business letters. This means more empirical research on business letter writing methodologies and culture.    This will facilitate the easy comprehension of how to relate and even apply for work in different countries and getting an interview and subsequently a job based on the understanding of business letter culture and methodologies of that specific country.    This means, business letter writing culture has various different concepts, which need to be explored. Empirical research on business letter writing show there are various elements and principals of business letter writing. These elements are distinctive and are meant to supply sufficing background on how to correspond effectively in economic references. The context of business letters lies within the profound difference in culture and use of English in different countries. British, American and Canadian styles have almost similar formats but different style as well as different syntax construction elements.    In Canada, which is the key focus of this paper, there are many similarities in the standard format and style of English business letters but the style, syntax formation and word choice seriously dissent with the Standard English business letter. Our focus on the Canadian business letter writing culture and the concepts employed in writing these economic letters like work application letters, contract procurement letters, government trade concessions and incentives letters as well as translation of Canadian business letter reference translations to English. This profoundly draws out the adaptation of the English language by the Canadian culture and the subsequent nativization of the English language to the Canadian culture. The various elements of writing a business letter explains the context of globalization of English as a corporate lingua franca with emphasis on various business writing cultures and how they use these elements to communicate the various arising economic references. The Latvian context helps in cross-examining differences in the style and format of economic letters within different cultures as well as the inception of standard letter writing styles.   Ã‚   This explains the various contexts of business letter writing whereby, we examine the acquisition of English as a second language in Latvia, the inception of English letter writing in Canada and the different styles and approaches to business letter writing Canada as well as a cross examination on the differences in the formats and styles of economic reference letters in Britain and the America and the Canada.    This research background helps us review the literature on the context of Lavian, British, Canadian and American business letters. On the Canadian context, we explore further, the style, culture and the empirical research and profound review of the society’s perception of English as a second language and the subsequent use of the English language as a standard language to express and communicate business references in the Latvian corporate world. As such we add up existing empirical research with facts and reviews of arising differences, ease of translation and the use of various native Canadian (French, Indian) language style in business letter writing. Introduction    The increasing importance of business letters within an international context is important in improving the level of proficiency in both corporate executives and other persons who wish to write business letters. Business letters reflect to communication between a party and a company/corporation with a reference denoting an economic reference like a contract, application for a job or any other business related reference.    A more prolific description of business letter is ‘a letter written when particular issues on a particular corporate subject need to be resolved. These particular issues include establishing an important business contact in a local business environment and overseas, selling or buying, advertising and other business related activity.   Ã‚   When writing these letters certain principles referred to as ethical considerations are adhered to so as to add panache to the meaning of the letter. These ethical considerations are the drivers of the message of the letter and profoundly explain the role of the paper and the context of the perception, attitude and meaning of the letter writers’ intentions.   Ã‚   Emerging differences in style and format while both these aspects are derived from the traditional English business letter is of interest. It requires more research to explain how communities around the world adapt the English language to suit their native style and internationalize it. This paper explores the Canadian community and their business letter writing styles and formats.   Ã‚   Ethical considerations in business letter writing in Canada are similar to most Standard English formats and styles. According to Artemeva (1998) â€Å"in the global context, English is often used as a medium of communication for both the English-speaking and non-English speaking partners† (Artemeva 1998: 286). Toury explains this context of difference in the culture of writing more profoundly    He asserts that, two languages may possess a roughly corresponding set of styles; however, cultural factors, social context, organizational structure, and the like make the verbal representation of mental sets so highly situated within a particular culture that, even though these mental sets may overlap between one language and another, they rarely match exactly† Toury Gideon 1980). This explains the context of difference in style and format of Canada English letters from the Standard English business letter.    The Canadian context is better understood from the Bahktin and Rodman approach on difference in cultures and their adoption of English by these cultures. They assert that the differences between languages as systems imply certain incompatibilities between utterances produced by speakers and writers of different languages if they choose one shared language as a medium of communication. Artameva explains this context further through expounding on the difference on the sense of business letter translation by a non English speaker employ a rhetoric and a sequence of thought. According to Kaplan, this rhetoric and sequence of thought, â€Å"destroys the expectation of the native reader† (Kaplan 4).   Cultural influences, then, often lead to misconceptions that require to be empirically measured. Various tools of evaluating and overcoming such misconceptions are required. One of the most effective methodologies (tool) of evaluating these misconstruing is the contrastive rhetoric which highlights pragmatic errors that are as a result of interaction of language pragmatic errors that are â€Å"the result of an interactant’s imposing the social rules of one culture on the listeners’ communicative behavior. According to Riley the situation where the social rules of another culture would be more appropriate. He explains that grammatical systems of the Canadians and English are fundamentally different. English is a language in which grammatical meaning is largely expressed through the use of extra words and by changes in word order. Overview on writing letters in Canada and the British and American perspective    According to the Canadian English language proficiency, individual skills in using grammar to communicate is essential Paradigms of business letter writing and also general communication using the written form is of interest to Canadian researchers. There is minimal empirical research on the subject leading to scarce information on both style and various aspects of the concepts employed.    Due to its multi cultural nature, Canada represents an interesting tradition in writing and the gradual adaptation and adoption of English language to its multi culture. The education system as well as the corporate weather and institutions in Canada require individuals to obtain proficiency levels in Canadian English. These levels of proficiency will help these individuals have abilities in general reading and writing skills.   Ã‚   This has led to various institutions in Canada to lobby and support for the post-secondary and employment training programs in which functional reading and writing skills in the multi cultural society to increase the capacity of the labor sector. The labor sector as well as the education sector seeks to have individuals who have proficiency in reading and writing as well as abilities in sentence structure, reading comprehension, English usage, and essay writing.    According to Graves (1997), â€Å"the differences between Canadian British and American cultures as they manifest themselves in business discourse are in the complexity inherent in a multicultural society as in the context of Canada. In Canada there is a concern for and tolerance of others, awareness of class distinctions, concern for the collective over the individual. This distinct Canadian identity affects genres such as the direct marketing letter because the genre depends on shared understandings between writers and readers; these understandings in turn depend upon cultural values† (Graves 1997:2).    Examining the letters written by Canadians and Americans explain the difference in the cultural context of writing letters. Graves argues that Canadians, British and the Americans employ the concept of power distance, directness in the subject of the letter and individualism within the wordings style of the business letters. There are emerging differences in syntax formation and the style of writing the economic letters and most notable, there is the distinctive virtue by the Canadians About their nature. ‘Business communicators need to be aware that Canadians see themselves as culturally distinct, and they need to write differently for Canadian audiences’ (Graves 1997:2-6). Similarities and differences in the paradigms of letter writing in Canada, America and Britain Canada Britain America  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canadians stick to traditional British English ( This is in speech and syntax formation)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language is curt and lays emphasis on the context of the purpose of communication due to the diversity of the community  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The structural aspects of the Canadian letters are contentious. It is borrowed from both Englander and American style. The standard methodology is aligning the name, address and date of the writer and the addressee on the left  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Britons stick to the traditional Queens English in both syntax and speech formation  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The language, though aimed at denoting the purpose of the letter is traditional and the writers tries to maintain traditional England tradition  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The English letter structural aspects are diverse. Name and address can be either left or right.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans have evolved English to suit their cultural and communication needs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is minimal courtesy and the writer is elaborate, very brief and adhoc in his message through the use of slang words to shorten the letter and get to the point  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American letter structural aspects reflect on aligning these addresses on the right and the addressee address on the right. Convections and the Canadian context of business letter writing    The genre of Canadian letters and the style is mostly associated with the Scottish emigrants. Numerous Scottish populations moved into Canada to form a Scottish community in the vast multicultural Canada. According to Moir (1984), Scottish repositories have played an important role in the preservation of Canadas written heritage, but few archivists and historians seem to be aware that Canadian institutions have reciprocated this favor to a significant degree. As a result of the increasingly heavy waves of emigration from Scotland that reached North America from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries.    Canada has become a rich but relatively untapped source of manuscript material generated by Scots on both sides of the Atlantic. Analyzing these scripts is by no means near completion, and published inventories only hint at the wealth of material in Scotland that remains to be explored by students of Canadian social and business history in particular (Moir 1984: 146) Logan explains the Canadian letter writing as a profound and interesting. Logan emphasizes that Canadian business letter writers are keen on the subject of the letter and often make sure that the addressee is aware of what they want through the letter. Canadian economic letters are direct to the point and very clear on the subject.    A sample ancient Scottish-Canadian letter obtained from an archive shows the style and emphasis on the backbone of the message by the writer of the letter. As explained by Moir, the letter is part of the letter-books of Martin MacLeod that are in the possession of the Canadian History Department of the Metropolitan Toronto Library. After retiring from the British Army with the rank of captain, MacLeod took up the lease for his fathers sheep farm on Skye. The ensuing correspondence written at Drynock deals with the usual family concerns, especially MacLeods attempts to ensure that his children receive both a sound education on the isolated farm and ample provision for their future subsistence. For the most part, MacLeod was much more preoccupied with the management of his flocks, steadings, laborers, and sub-tenants as they all struggled through the difficult decade of the 1840s. Altho prices have recently been good, and very good yet, from the heavy losses of sheep from Braxy and severe weather as well as from the exorbitantly high prices of shearing materials, for some years of meal, matters were not, as people generally imagine, so easily brought to bear. (Moir, ppr 150) This letter is indicative of the exact subject the writer wants discussed and understood as easily and as fast as possible by the recipient.   The letter below also represents the directness and emphatic nature of the Canadians in their business and general communication through the written form. The letter is from a father in Dumfriesshire to his son in North America: Now Jock, if yere wee1 so much the better, and if yere doing wee1 yer mother and mes Vera glad tae heart’s, and if yere no wee1 were Vera sorry, but we canna help it, and as the postage between American and the Langholm runs pretty high, I must insist that the correspondence be stopped! (Moir, ppr 155)   Modern Canada defines and treats writing business letters as a practice within legislative, administrative, and diplomatic sphere. In Canada, this type of style is used in drawing up documents such as secretary correspondence, official documentation and administrative communication, juridical, diplomatic, legal laws, decrees, treaties, acts, official correspondence, certificates and application letters. Examples of Canadian business letters Sample 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND ACCEPTANCE OF ORDER   Date: 29th April 2008 To: IAN MUNRO    We are in receipt of your order as contained in the attached purchase order form. We confirm acceptance on said order subject only to the following exceptions:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clean white, lean, fresh and from Derby On exceptions noted, we shall assume you agree to the same unless objection is received within ten days of receipt of this notice.    Thank you for your patronage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Very truly, Sarah Corner Note that, Canadians end their letters with yours truly or truthfully. This is similar to the American style of closing their formal letters.    Sample 2 7890 Montreal Avenue Montreal Metro, ON 7MJ76 4J11 May 2, 2008 Mansfield Manufacturing Company 7080 Rue Prairie Montreal, QX 7CG 8LM23 Please replace the ten pairs of defective Jackboots recently purchased. I followed the guidelines for picking the proper jackboots but the package I was sold contains defective jackboots Perhaps your quality control people can determine why they have deteriorated so much. Youll find the pairs enclosed and you could make me feel better by replacing my ten pairs with quality jackboots. Sincerely, Al Kassim Kassam How Canadian address their envelopes when sending their business letters. Addressed Envelope DAVID KERRY 2889 DANIELS AVENUE NIAGARA FALLS ON L2G 4J5 MONTREAL SAXON COMPANY 1789 RUE MARCONI MONTREAL QC H2S 8K1 Note the block style format of address In Canada, almost everyone nowadays has the skills to write a letter. The style and genre are adapted to increase the ability of the letter to make sense and to impart the required message as intended by the letter writer. The Canadians make a brief introduction, a body of support paragraphs, and a conclusion.    The Canadian are no exception to formal style of structuring a business letter. In fact they conform to the principles of clear and effective writing that projects the exact nature of the message intended. As such, as in the case of British and American letters, Canadian letter business letters have their own specific features, which distinguish them from other letters so as to give them a functional style. These functional styles are: Objectivity Formality Specificity and accuracy Rationale Imperativeness Politeness Besides this structural style and distinctiveness, the Canadian business letter falls in the two commonplace types of letters Full block style: In this method of writing a business letter, the text and all its elements is aligned to the left margin of the paper. Modified block style: This requires writing the text down the middle of the page and aligning the return address, date, closing, signature, and typed name on the same direction (down the text); the other elements of the text are aligned to the left page margin of the paper. (George Mason University Writing Center 2006:1) This is exemplified by the letters below, which shows the structural outlook of the Canadian business letters. Sample of an annotated Business Letter (Note that, this letter is an excerpt from Pearson’s Education of Canada 2002)    134A Quebec Street Devonshire, ON LL3C 1LB6 November 4, 2002 Mr. Allan Cushy Toronto County Council 411 Northern Main Street Toronto, ON L3B 3X4 Dear Mr. Cushy Putting a stop sign on Aqueduct Street will reduce the chances that a speeding car will kill one of our children. Aqueduct Street looked like the quiet, safe environment I wanted for my children. Many of the neighborhood children—including my own—enjoy playing along the street, and they sometimes cross it. Because Aqueduct Street runs parallel to a much busier major thoroughfare, car drivers use our street to avoid the heavier traffic and stop lights on Niagara Street. Most of these people are too fast for a residential neighborhood with many families and many children. My concerned neighbors and I feel that a four-way stop created at the corner of Aqueduct and Church would reduce non-residential traffic and slow down all the drivers using Aqueduct Street. The expense would be modest compared to the incalculable cost of a childs injury or death by a speeding motorist out to save a few minutes commuting time. By installing the stop signs, you can help make our street safer for children, as we request in the enclosed petition, signed by all the adults on Aqueduct Street.   Please contact me before the next council meeting on November 15. The residents of Aqueduct Street are worried that heavy non-residential traffic is endangering our children. We urge the City Engineer to place a four-way stop sign at the corner of Aqueduct and Church to help reduce the danger. Sincerely, AQUEDUCT STREET RESIDENTS COUNCIL Solomon Maguire President dbr Enclosure Copy to Councilor Peter Mechling Howard As such, we observe the structural composition of a Canadian business letter follows the following structural format, Heading Date Inside Address Salutation Complimentary Close Organization Name Writers Name Reference to Keyboardist Enclosure Notation Copy Notation Body of Letter Indicate one blank line Sample showing another approach in the format of a Canadian business letter 857 Albuquerque Niagara Falls, ON L2G 4J5 April 13, 2008 Allan Miller 8973 Strobin Avenue Montreal, QC H56L 90SL31 Ref Body of the letter Sincerely Joy Hoffman   Ã‚   Note that, the style and format show the blocks should be aligned to the left hand side as one writes the letter.   Samples of brief business letters/notes to customers Sample 1 Dear Customer Thank you for your order.   At this time we cannot fill your order due to an unexpected shipment delay from our overseas suppliers. We will hold your order for arrival of the merchandise, and ship shortly thereafter.   Unfortunately, we cannot provide you with a specific shipping date at this time. Thank you for your anticipated patience in this matter. Sample 2 Dear customer Please accept our apology for having shipped merchandise in excess of your purchase order. We have made an adjustment in your account to reflect this error and have arranged for our delivery service to pick up the excess merchandise on 16th May 2008. We are sorry for the inconvenience this has caused you and are most appreciative of your cooperation and understanding in this matter. Thank you for your recent order. Samples of employee business letters Sample 1 *********INTER-OFFICE MEMO********** FROM:   CORPRAL MARCUS JENKINS III   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   DUTY AND REFERRALS OFFICE TO:   ALL OFFICERS SUBJECT:  Ã‚   SMITH PERKINS PROMOTION PARTY AND GIFT On Thursday, May 2, 2008 at 4:30 P.M., in the officers mess As you know, Smith has been with us for 12years now, and has been held in high regard by his fellow officers. I am requesting that each officer donate $10.00 so that we might present to Smith a gift memorializing his promotion.   We are not yet decided on the type of gift, and your suggestions would be highly appreciated. Look forward to seeing you on Thursday. Marcus Jenkins Sample 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NOTICE OF UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Date: 3rd May 2008 To: Marry Ann Bush   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confirming our meeting relative to certain unsatisfactory aspects of your performance, we expect that in the future you shall improve your performance by the earliest convenience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have every confidence the problem will not be repeated. John Shawn HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGER Comparative analysis on British and American letters British letters English style of letter writing   Ã‚   Empirical research on both English pedagogy as well as the key elements of writing business letter within the British perspective elicits much interest in English pedagogy.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the originality of the English language from Britain, it is deemed that, the formats and other key elements of writing letters are borrowed from the British culture of writing letters    According to Jenkins and Hinds, the letter writing process takes place in three reoccurring stages.   These reoccurring stages are Pre-writing, writing and re-writing. This combination makes letter-writing recursive (Jenkins and Hinds 1987: 327). In many British writing centers writing is taught with a focus on meaning, not form; on process, not product; on authorial intention and audience expectation, not teacher authority or punitive measures; on holistic and human concerns, not errors and isolated skills.    The British have been following two styles and formats in their letter writing methods. Full block style: In this method of writing a business letter, the text and all its elements is aligned to the left margin of the paper. Modified block style: This requires writing the text down the middle of the page and aligning the return address, date, closing, signature, and typed name on the same direction (down the text); the other elements of the text are aligned to the left page margin of the paper. (George Mason University Writing Center 2006:1)    A close examination of the elements of the letter shows that elements of the letter are the keys to a successful letter. The return address of the company the letter writer represents is important so as to facilitate the intended response reaching him after his submission. The second most elements are the date of letter. This is followed by inside address, salutation, body, closing, signature and position of the letter writer.    The British have long used this concept as a tangible aspect of writing their letters. British style is brief, straightforward, and polite.   According to George Mason University 2006, British letters follow a certain intrinsic format. This is as discussed below. Below are the structural of a standard business letter and their functions: Return Address: This refers to the letter writers’ address or the address of the company he represents Date: The writer leaves two blank lines after the return address. The writer spells out the month and writes the day, puts a comma, and then inserts the year. Inside Address: The writer leaves two blank lines after the date. He type the address of the person he is writing to. Salutation: The writer starts his letter with Dear, followed by the person’s name or ends this line with a colon if he doesn’t know the name of the recipient. Body: British culture calls for the writer to align the message on the left margin. He skips a line before starting a new paragraph without indenting. Also he makes each paragraph clear and concise. Closing: British style recommends you double space after your last body paragraph, then use a conventional closing, followed by a comma (sincerely yours) Signature: The writers’ signature appears below the closing and if he has no personal relationship with the addressee use both his first and last name. Elements and styles of writing British letters    English letters follow the above-discussed format and structure; however, there is a distinct style in the syntax formation and the type of words and references to use when writing a letter. Practical opening lines of a letter Opening lines in a letter are meant to introduce the writer’s intentions and to make reference to previous correspondence. Opening lines commonly used in the British culture are commonly adapted into other cultures. (see www.speakspeak.com) With reference to your letter dated 15th May 2007, I am glad to inform you that I will consider working with you. I am writing to enquire about the amount of money deposited in my account on 4th April 2008. Your response will be highly appreciated After having seen your advertisement in the daily telegraph, I am hereby applying for the post of executive secretary. After having received your address from you dear friend Johnson Atkinson, I am hereby writing to you about your relatives in Moscow. We/I recently wrote to you about the college in Glasgow. It is my pleasure to inform you that the college is enrolling students and they are waiting for your application Thank you for your letter of 8 May. We are happy to let you know that our company has appointed you to the post of executive sales manager. Thank you for your letter regarding the issue of orders to the Coventry. Its my sincere wish to have the orders delivered as soon as possible Thank you for your letter/e-mail about the price of the motorcycle. I really appreciate your information. In reply to your letter of 8 May, the amount of money I am willing to pay for the car is half that you quoted. (www.speakspeak.com.) Samples of British letters Sample i Nexus Holdings 7115 MJB Thames Avenue London Ref; 0078/2 /5/2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing director   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Mounilex Trading Co.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     SLR 543L London Re: Complaint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dear Sir,    We regret to inform you that your delivery team delayed the supply of gunny bags.   I would appreciate if you sent over one of your representatives to address the issue promptly. Yours faithfully †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Susan Price  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Anthony Hopkins Accountant General.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing director Sample ii  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack Miles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trafalgar square Ave   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tel 0444 453 675   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 29, 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human Resources dept   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10TH Broadway Av   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  London Dear Mr. Miles, I am writing in response to your advertisement on Tuesday on the telegraph. I am interested in the position of chief accountant.   I have a bachelor’s degree in Economics from the University of Liverpool and a diploma in advanced accounts studies from Oxford University.    I have enclosed is my resume and a copy of my certificates for your perusal. I am available for an in interview any time you find convenient.   I   look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Jack Miles Sample iii   HEAD HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICE NEW YORK Tel. 07036781488 OFFICIAL NOTE Ref No. 78/27th April 2008 This official note is issued to Karen Whittaker, occupying a receptionist position in the company, is to certify that Karen has been granted a one month leave.   Ã‚  Ã‚   This is to serve before HR department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Greg Morison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     HR Manager                   There are several other formats of business letters which are used Samples      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   DAVID MARLONE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RYAN ISLAND   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PARIS, FRANCE    THE MANAGER BLACKWATER HOLDING 345 HR43 BORDEAUX BORDEAUX FRANCE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dear sir/madam    RE: ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING   This reference concerns the forthcoming general meeting of the directors of Black-water Holdings, which will be held at the Pan-Africa hotel. You are reminded that your attendance is highly expected. Yours faithfully CLARK SANDLINE MANAGER American letter writing context   The American culture has been wiped out by the email trends, which have turned out as the most popular methodologies of writing letters. Baron 2001 argues that ‘given e-mail’s stage wise evolution, it’s hardly surprising that commonplace depictions of the linguistic character of email (such as â€Å"everyone uses emoticons † or â€Å"the email medium leads to flaming†) are not universally applicable to the messages written today by grandmothers, job applicants, customers ordering on-line, or teenage girls chatting through instant messaging’ (Baron 2001:1). This change of style and the traditional methodologies of contemporary writing style I s blamed on three education reform systems; the Harvard, John Dewey and a student-centered curriculum from the 1970s onwards (6). Consequence of these reforms has been a away shift from teaching formal rhetoric to encouraging informal writing, typically placing more value on what the student wants to express than on the actual language (including sentence mechanics) used to express it. This has further led to an increased candor, coupled with growing disregard for the social and intellectual behaviors traditionally associated with upward mobility and education; have to do with contemporary writing style? We said earlier (Figure 6) that email and contemporary writing more generally tend to be characterized by informality of style, a psychological assumption that the medium is ephemeral and a high level of candor’ (7-10).   These changes in syntax and speech structure in writing communication letters are characterized by such inceptions and transformations like the ones below. Homer = home run Albany = AlbaN.Y. nothing = othing    Though these reflect on the traditional style and genre, these letters are still apt in the current American culture however, defunct in the emerging ages of the youth and affluent societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The emergence of e-mail culture and hackneyed slang lingo has left the American letter writing culture blunt and rhetorical. In Treimans approach to structural difference in the American English letter writing and speech form to the British one, she explains that American students spoke a rhotic dialect, pronouncing an /r/ in such words as leper, hermit, horde, and gnarl while British students with their nonrhotic dialect, did not include an /r/ in such words. This brings the difference in the pronunciation and spelling in the American style and the British (Treiman 2002: 3).    Various structural, spelling and syntax formation differences in the American letter writing culture embroider a challenging empirical research on the genre of writing letters the American way. Samples of American letters There is minimal structural difference in the academically recommended letter writing styles. The emerging context of difference is blamed on the emerging trends and cultures. These samples are traditional American letter DANIEL ARMANI PO BOX 345 LSP NEW YORK USA 3rd April 2008 JOHN NEBRASKA MANAGER CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS PO BOX 23454 WASHINGTON DC USA Re: INTELLIGENCE BRIEF RECIEPT Dear Sir,   This reference concerns the latest intelligence brief submitted for your analysis last week. Please acknowledge receiving the brief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yours truly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daniel Armani The structure of this letter is unique. The writers name and address is on the right while the addressee’s names and address is the left side of the letter. The writers conclusion is on the right side and he signs out with a ‘yours truly sincerely’ on the right side of the letter. Sample 2 DANIEL ARMANI PO BOX 345 LSP NEW YORK USA 3rd April 2008 JOHN NEBRASKA MANAGER CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS PO BOX 23454 WASHINGTON DC USA Re: INTELLIGENCE BRIEF RECIEPT Dear Sir,   This reference concerns the latest intelligence brief submitted for your analysis last week. Please acknowledge receiving the brief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yours truly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Daniel Armani   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Differences between Canadian, British, Latvian and American letters  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notable differences in the genre, style and speech between these nations is mostly observed in the structural form. Also, observations on the letters from either of the nation show differences in syntax and word form which another notable difference is within the format. Below are samples of these letters. Each has a distinct feature from te other and these distinct features will be noted below. Sample of American standards business letter JOHN SMITH RUE MONTAMTRE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   125 PARIS, FRANCE 3RD April 2008    THE MANAGER PANAFRIC HOLDING 134 RUE BORDEAUX BORDEAUX  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dear sir/madam    RE: REMINDER OF THE 5TH INVESTORS SUMMIT   This reference concerns the forthcoming 5th investor’s summit to be held at the Ritz hotel. You are reminded that we are looking forward to your attendance as a member of the investors club.   For further details kindly please write to us as soon as possible Yours faithfully JOHN SMITH MANAGER Sample British business letter Nexus Holdings 7115 MJB Thames Avenue London Ref; 0078/2 /5/2008 Director   Mounilex Trading Co   SLR 543L London   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Re: Complaint   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dear Sir,    We regret to inform you that your delivery team delayed the supply of gunny bags.   I would appreciate if you sent over one of your representatives to address the issue promptly. Yours faithfully †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Susan Price  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Anthony Hopkins Accountant General.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Managing director    Sample Canadian business letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack Miles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trafalgar square Ave   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tel 0444 453 675   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 29, 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Michael Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human Resources dept   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10TH Broadway Av   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London Dear Mr. Miles, I am writing in response to your advertisement on Tuesday on the telegraph. I am interested in the position of chief accountant.   I have a bachelor’s degree in Economics from the University of Liverpool and a diploma in advanced accounts studies from Oxford University.    I have enclosed is my resume and a copy of my certificates for your perusal. I am available for an in interview any time you find convenient.   I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours truly †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Jack Miles    Sample Latvian letter Mr. Roy Lawrence 12187 Manchester 54 MJB Manchester UK May 26, 2002 The General Electric Company 15456 Dawson Park Way College Park, FL 33133 Manchester UK Dear Customer Service Representative: I recently purchased one of your sockets for my television cable extension. Unfortunately, after viewing the components that came with the product, I discovered that four of the parts were missing. Also, the instructions that came with the tent are in Portuguese and Russian, but not in English, the language I speak. These two unforeseen problems have resulted in the socket remaining unused.    I am writing to request replacements for the missing parts, and a copy of the full set of assembly instructions (in English) for the model I purchased. If reasonable arrangements are not made within ten business days, I will return the socket to the store I purchased it from and expect a full refund. To assist you in processing my request, I am including a copy of my sales receipt and a list of the missing parts. I have purchased other electrical appliances manufactured by your company in the past, and have always been impressed with the quality. I sincerely hope this that any future purchases I make will live up to the standard. Sincerely,    Roy Lawrence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         Enc: 2, Differences between American and British Style of letter writing and the Canadian and Latvian context Major differences are observed in the spelling. British spelling is different from the American spelling although most words are spelled the same way globally. The difference between the British spelling and the American spelling is small. Words ending with -ize in American English are spelled with -ise in British English (sympathize, sympathise); the words that end in -or in America end in -our in Britain (honor, honour; It is notable that many consonants that are single before suffixes in America are doubled in Britain (traveled, travelled) this is observed in the basic writing of various texts. Summary British spelling when writing letters American spelling when writing letters Emphasise Sympathise Honour Colour Emphasize Sympathize Honor Color   Traveled Leveled Catalogue Travelled Levelled Catalog    Much pedagogy on the grammar context focus on the UK style however it is also important to have insights of the other countries. In the UK, it is in order to write the senders name before the address in business letters. Another observations regarding differences between American and British business writing style is that while it is unusual in the UK to close a formal business letter with Yours truly, this practice is accepted in the USA.   Other differences between British and American are seen within the context of designations for the different members of the Board of Directors when writing to them as a group. Summary British style American style  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sender name appears before the address though it is optional based on designation  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Closing the letter is usually through a ‘yours sincerely’ or ‘yours faithfully’  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When addressing many people or directors the writers uses ‘Dear sir’s’ â€Å"directors’ or ‘Messrs’  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Senders name does not appear though often some letters have this feature  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Closing the letters is usually through a ‘yours truly’  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American style entails the use of â€Å"The directors†   This difference in style, grammar and format is summarized below British style, format and grammar of writing letters American style, format and grammar of writing letters  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Headings are on the centre or right hand side of the letter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References are on the upper left of the letter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When writing the dates the writer uses the format Day, Month, Year  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses Messrs when addressing the addressee.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses ‘messrs, company name then the address and other important addresses  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attention line includes name of the addressee  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses ‘Dear sirs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Has no subject line in the letter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Headings of the writer are at the right side of the letter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reference are on the lower left or right side of the letter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American writer uses the format Month, Day, Year  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uses ‘Dear sir’ when addressing directors or other officials  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs./Miss full name, title, company name, address  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American writers start with   Dear Mr./Ms. Johansen followed by salutation  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American don’t use this  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American format does have a subject line       Observation    The letters have different structures, formats and style. By examining the initial sample, we find out that, the Americans align their names and address to the right then write the name and address of the addressee on the left. They are direct to the point though not very courteous and straight to the point. Americans use fewer English words in comparison to the British and seem to be in a habit of being rhetoric.    The reference is underlined while the date is below the writers address. The letter ends with a ‘yours faithfully’ which denotes self confidence and frankness. Its written on the right hand side of the letter. This shows a structure which has the personal references on one side and the references of the addresses on the left side. The British letter has the writers address and personal reference centered on the top of the letter. It is like a letter head. There are two references and all are on the left side of the letter. The first one has the references number of the previous communication and comes before the address and profile of the addressee. The second reference comes after the addressee’s address and is pushed towards the center and underlined.    The opening lines are aligned to the centre. This is meant to indicate emphasis on rank and respect by the writer. The body is brief and concise. The writer is up to the point as fast and with as few words as possible. The signatories are aligned to the centre and the letter is closed with a ‘yours sincerely’ which is aligned to the centre of the letter.    The Canadian letter has the address of both the writer and addressee on the right side of the paper. After his address, he double spaces and enters the date then writes the addressee’s address. The opening lines begin with a ‘dear..’ and are on the left of the letter.   Ã‚   The body of the letter is long and uses words to emphatically concentrate on the subject of the letter and to inform the addressee of the point which the writer wants him to understand. The letter closes with a ‘yours truly’ which is indicative of honesty and politeness. It is aligned on the left of the letter and the writer signs and enters his name after the signature.    The Latvian letter is aligned to the left side. The writers name and address are on the left side of the paper. He enters the date after his addresses then enters the addressee’s address. The opening is curt and aligned to the immediate left of the letter so as to align with the addresses. There is no reference though it is a necessity in the writing convections.    The body draws out a less courteous writer and he is very straight to the point. He avoids using many words and is rapid in what he is communicating about.   Ã‚   He closes the letter with a ‘sincerely’ which further denotes lack of courtesy and explains the versatile briefness in the Latvian communication. Comparative analysis of Latvian, British, Canadian and American letters    British American Canadian Latvian British align their names and address at the centre Write the name of the addressee on the left Use various words to explain References are not underlined Closes with a ‘yours sincerely or sincerely yours’ Headings are on the centre or right hand side of the letter Americans align their names and address to the right Write the name and address of the addressee on the left They are direct to the point The reference is underlined Closes with a ‘yours truly Headings are on the right hand side The writers name and addresses are on the left Writes name and addressee on the left and also the date Use more words to explain their point Uses no reference or at times uses Closes with a ‘yours truly Headings are on the right side of the letter The writers name is aligned to the left side Writes the name of the addressee on the left side Uses curt and direct words Has or often does not have references Closes with a ‘yours sincerely or ‘sincerely yours The headings are on the centre.   Conclusion There are differences in each letter writing culture while there are distinct similarities in some cultures. Each culture uses the British style and genre of body structure while they have transformed their formats from the standards British format to suit their culture needs.   However, there rises a context of distance of cultures whereby we observe similarities   in cultures near each other. The British culture is being common in the formal Latvian letter writing style and culture. The same applies to the Multicultural United States and the Multicultural Canada. They share common styles and formats.